Sea water salinity

Altman EN, Gertman IF, Golubeva ZA (1987) Climatic fields of the Black Sea water salinity and temperature. Gosudarstvennyi Okeanograficheskii Institut. Sevastopol-skoye Otdeleniye, Sevastopol (in Russian)... 

Fig. 10 Climatic monthly fields of the Black Sea water salinity anomaly (practical salinity units) at a depth of 100 m received by subtraction of the annual mean and first EOF fields from the climatic monthly salinity field in a January, b February, c March, d April, e May, and f June. Dashed lines negative anomaly...

An excellent example of apphcation of the first step of this technique has been reported by Daisley (1961). The vitamin B12 content of oceanic waters cannot be determined at sea water salinity. A binding agent prepared from pig pyloric mucosa may be added to the sea water before filtration through a column of Sephadex suspended in distilled water. If the binding agent is present in excess, vitamin B12 will be quantitatively com-... 

Corresponding results were obtained using Black Sea plankton in dark experiments with surface Black Sea water (salinity 18%c). The experiments... 

A study of the acidity constant of boric acid in synthetic sea-water (salinity range 20—40% temperature 5—30 °C) has been made, using potentiometric titrations. ... 

Using the expression for the minimum energy required to desalinate sea water (salinity, s = 35) at 25 °C, calculate the minimum energy required per m of fresh water produced if the final volume of the concentrated sea water (= V2) is 90%, 75%, 50% and 25% of the original sea-water volume Vi. 

S. Loeb and S. Sourirajan, "Sea Water Demineralisation by Means of an Osmotic Membrane," in Saline Water Conversion-11, Fidvances in Chemistry Series Number 28, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1963. 

The pressure to be used for reverse osmosis depends on the salinity of the feedwater, the type of membrane, and the desired product purity. It ranges from about 1.5 MPa for low feed concentrations or high flux membranes, through 2.5—4 MPa for brackish waters, and to 6—8.4 MPa for seawater desalination. In desalination of brackish or sea water, typical product water fluxes through spiral-wound membranes are about 600—800 kg/m /d at a recovery ratio RR of 15% and an average salt rejection of 99.5%, where... 

Dispersed Inhibited 2. Saline (sodium chloride) fluids a. Sea-water fluids b. Salt fluids c. Saturated salt fluids... 

Ocean sea water is roughly equivalent in strength to a 3 j % w/v solution of sodium chloride, but it has a much more complex composition, embodying a number of major constituents, and traces at least of almost all naturally occurring elements. For convenience, however, the concentration of salts in any sample of sea water is expressed in terms of the chloride content, either as chlorinity or as salinity. Both these units are again subject to arbitrary definition and do not conform simply to the chemical composition. 

Salinity This term is intended to denote the total proportion of dissolved salts in sea water. As it is inconvenient to determine directly, it is norm.ally derived from the chlorinity, defined and determined as above, using the empirical relationship ... 

Variations of salinity In the major oceans the salinity of sea water does not vary widely, lying in general between 33 and 37 parts per thousand, a figure of 35 parts per thousand, equivalent to 19-4 parts per thousand chlorinity is commonly taken as the average for open-sea water. 

Sea water of normal salinity, in equilibrium with the atmosphere, has the following oxygen contents (compare Table 2.14) ... 

Beccaria, A. M. e a ., Investigation on Lead Corrosion Products in Sea Water and In Neutral Saline Solutions , Werksloffe und Korros., 33, 416-420 (1982)... 

Coefficients of isaturiatiOn of atmospheric gases in sea-water. 21.23, Properties ol sea-water of different salinities... 

Theory. Conventional anion and cation exchange resins appear to be of limited use for concentrating trace metals from saline solutions such as sea water. The introduction of chelating resins, particularly those based on iminodiacetic acid, makes it possible to concentrate trace metals from brine solutions and separate them from the major components of the solution. Thus the elements cadmium, copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc are selectively retained by the resin Chelex-100 and can be recovered subsequently for determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.45 To enhance the sensitivity of the AAS procedure the eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in 90 per cent aqueous acetone. The use of the chelating resin offers the advantage over concentration by solvent extraction that, in principle, there is no limit to the volume of sample which can be used. 

The saltiness of the ocean is defined in terms of salinity. In theory, this term is meant to represent the total number of grams of dissolved inorganic ions present in a kilogram of seawater. In practice, salinity is determined by measuring the conductivity of a sample and by calibration through empirical relationships to the International Association of Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) Standard Sea Water. With this approach, salinity can be measured with a precision of at least 0.001 parts per thousand. This is fortunate, considering that 75% of all of the water in the ocean falls neatly between a salinity of 34 and 35. Obviously, these high-precision measurements are required to observe the small salinity variations in the ocean. 

Babich, H. and Stotzky, G., Temperature, pH, salinity, hardness, and particulates mediate nickel toxicity to eubacteria, an actinomycete, and yeasts in lake, simulated estuarine, and sea waters, Aquat Toxicol, 3, 195-208, 1983. 

Sea water today contains about 35 g of NaCl per liter. In contrast, the physiological saline solution only has 9 g L . When life was formed, the sea was not as salty. 

Phase Inversion Temperature The carboxymethylate surfactant sample available for test purposes exhibited excellent salinity tolerance, in fact too high for practical sea water flooding... 

PSU (practical salinity units) are a unit of measurement of salinity, i.e. of the total amount of dissolved salts in water. If sea water has a salinity of 5 psu, 5 g of salt are dissolved in 1000 g of water. 

Willie et al. [17] used the hydride generation graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry technique to determine selenium in saline estuary waters and sea waters. A Pyrex cell was used to generate selenium hydride which was carried to a quartz tube and then a preheated furnace operated at 400 °C. Pyrolytic graphite tubes were used. Selenium could be determined down to 20 ng/1. No interference was found due to, iron copper, nickel, or arsenic. 

Loder TC, Gilbert PM (1976) Blank and salinity corrections for automated nutrient analysis of estuarine and sea waters. University of New Hampshire Contribution UNH-59-JR101 to Technicon International Congress December 13-15... 

Leoni [366] observed that in the extraction preconcentration of organochlo-rine insecticides and PCB s from surface and coastal waters in the presence of other pollutants such as oil, surface active substances, etc., the results obtained with an absorption column of Tenax-Celite are equivalent to those obtained with the continuous liquid-liquid extraction technique. For non-saline waters that contain solids in suspension that absorb pesticides, it may be necessary to filter the water before extraction with Tenax and then to extract the suspended solids separately. Analyses of river and estuarine sea waters, filtered before extraction, showed the effectiveness of Tenax, and the extracts obtained for pesticide analysis prove to be much less contaminated by interfering substances than corresponding extracts obtained by the liquid-liquid technique. Leoni et al. [365] showed that for the extraction of organic micro pollutants such as pesticides and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from waters, the recoveries of these substances from unpolluted waters (mineral and potable waters) when added at the level of 1 xg/l averaged 90%. 

The chemical method for the determination of the chemical oxygen demand of non-saline waters involves oxidation of the organic matter with an excess of standard acidic potassium dichromate in the presence of silver sulfate catalyst followed by estimation of unused dichromate by titration with ferrous ammonium sulfate. Unfortunately, in this method, the high concentrations of sodium chloride present in sea water react with potassium dichromate producing chlorine ... 

Also, the addition of silver sulfate causes precipitation of silver chloride, which in the presence of organic compounds is neither completely nor reproducibly oxidised. This method, whilst being applicable to estuarine waters of relatively low chloride content, would present difficulties when applied to highly saline estuarine and sea waters of low organic content. 

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