Physiological saline solutions

Sea water today contains about 35 g of NaCl per liter. In contrast, the physiological saline solution only has 9 g L . When life was formed, the sea was not as salty. 

In discussing the effect of mustard on the intestinal tract, Cullumbine pointed out that severely poisoned men suffered loss of water and electrolytes because of vomiting, diarrhea, and vesication. Oligemia and irreversible circulatory failure follow, much as in thermal burns. He showed the importance of the loss of water and electrolytes by experiments in which the mortality rate of poisoned rats and rabbits was greatly reduced by the administration of physiologic saline solution either by mouth or by injection. 

The short lived positron-emitter Rb-82 (t 1/2=1.26m) has potential application in cardiovascular diagnostic nuclear medicine. A generator system containing the parent Sr-82 has been developed that will provide an eluate of Rb-82 suitable for direct infusion. The Rb-82 is eluted by a syringe pump from a hydrous stannic oxide column in a continuous stream of physiological saline solution. The rate of elution (infusion) can be controlled from 10 to 100 ml/ min. At elution rates of 25, 50, and 75 ml/min,... 

Sometimes the easiest way to destroy drug-protein binding is to dilute the sample with a physiological saline solution. For instance, for isoxazolyl penicillins with a binding percentage of over 95%, dilution with 9 volumes of 0.9% sodium chloride solution can be sufficient (9). Alternative widely used techniques are based on either protein denaturation or enzymatic/chemical hydrolysis of the drug-protein complexes (10-12). 

The influence of 1-ethoxysilatrane on regenerating liver has been studied on male white mice after resection of 2/3 of the liverS3). The animals were treated daily with a therapeutic dose (100 mg/kg) of 1-ethoxysilatrane, the control animals only with physiological saline solution. 

On administration of 0.1 and 0.01% of l-(0,0-diethylphosphonemethyl)-3,7,10-trimethylsilatrane in physiologic saline solution to the blood of animals poisoned with lead nitrate a sharp increase in acid resistance of erythrocytes was oberved (Fig. 7) along with erythrogram shift to the right and a prolonged prelytic time (to 240 60 sec). Sometimes the maximum erythrocytolysis occurs only after 300 60 sec. Haemolysis is completed in 720 30 sec. 

Neural implants need also to be biostable in a wet environment. Therefore, mechanical bending tests were performed in physiologic saline solution at room temperature to simulate loading stresses of movements. In dynamic tests the electrodes were fixed at the ends and bent for 130,000 times at an angle of 120° with a repetition frequency of /3 Hz. The devices remained stable. No cracks or... 

The neutralized suspension was immediately serially diluted 1 10 in physiological saline solution (PSS). 

Living cells, among them the red blood cells, are surrounded by semipermeable membranes. The osmolarity of most cells is 0.30 osmol. For example, a 0.89% w/v NaCl solution, normally referred to as physiological saline solution, has an osmolarity of 0.30. Thus when a cell is put in physiological saline solution, the osmolarity on both sides of the membrane is the same and therefore no osmotic pressure is generated across the membrane. Such a solution is called isotonic. On the other hand, if a cell is put in water (pure solvent) or in a solution which has lower osmolarity than the cell, there will be a net flow of water into the cell driven by the osmotic pressure. Such a solution is called hypotonic. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and eventually may burst. If that happens to a red blood cell, the process is called hemolysis. In contrast, a solution with higher osmolarity than the cell is called a hypertonic solution. A cell suspended in a hypertonic solution will shrivel there is a net flow of water from the cell into the surroundings. When that happens to a red blood cell, the process is called crenation. 

The osmolarity of a physiological saline solution is 0.30 osmol. Is a 0.30 M MgCl2 solution isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic with the physiological saline ... 

Fig. 10. Hydrolysis of polymeric drugs having 5-FU at 37 °C (O) poly(VBFU), (A) poly(VBFU-co-MAn) in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), and ( ) poly-(VBFU), (A)poly(VBFU-co-MAn) in a physiological saline solution...

An important factor in the interaction of foreign surfaces with blood is the rapid adsorption of plasma proteins onto such surfaces when they are exposed to blood (4). For this reason the adsorption of radioactively tagged blood components on heparinized and unheparinized surfaces was measured. Proteins were dissolved in approximate physiological concentrations in a buffered (pH 7.35) physiological saline solution and the solutions were exposed to the test surfaces for 2 hours at 37 °C. in a static system. After the exposure, the surfaces were rinsed with physiological saline and distilled water and then dried. The amount of protein on the surfaces was determined in a 27r-gas flow proportional counter (7). As shown in Table III, although both heparinized surfaces were nonthrombogenic, there is no consistent pattern of either increased or decreased adsorption of the proteins caused by the heparinization. In-... 

Cubbels PM, Aixela PJ, Brumos GV, Pou DS, de Bolos Capdevilla J. Cis-platinum stability in physiological saline solutions (0.9% NaCl) in glass and PVC containers in environmental light and temperature conditions. Farm Clint Spain 1992 9 768-773. 

The earliest method for the isolation of heparin, developed by Howell, involved the treatment of dried and minced dog liver with boiling methanol, and subsequent extraction with physiological saline solution from which the active principle was precipitated by acetone. Glycogen was then removed by digestion with Takadiastase and the proteins were split off with cadmium chloride. As a result of this work, heparin was made available commercially. 

Physiological saline solution is important, firstly to correct sodium and water deficit and secondly to promote sodium-linked calcium diuresis in the proximal renal tubule. Initially, 0.9% saline 500 ml should be given i.v. every 4-6 h for... 

Samples from patients with multiple myeloma whose total protein is > 120 gA will yield enhanced ALT values. Hence, these samples must be diluted with physiological saline solution or with 7% albumin solution 1 + 1. 

Preparation of the samples Fresh urine is diluted with physiological saline solution in a ratio of 1 20. (The result must be multiplied by 21.)... 

The release of medications from electroless Ni-P films was investigated by the measurement of the amount of the active component in physiological saline solution in which coatings were immersed. The results showed a continuous release of the active medications from the films within the time frame of about 40 days. 

Contact of EPS with the eyes should be avoided in the case of contact, the eyes should be rinsed with artificial tears or physiological saline solution. 

Typical values for medical imaging are d = I = 0.4 m, a = 0.5/i2m (physiological saline solution), a selective 180° pulse of duration 1 ms, and an NMR frequency of cuo = 27T42.6 MHz, resulting in a calculated power of 2.8 kW. This is by a factor of about 2 too large compared to experimental values [Krel]. 

To evaluate the activity of compounds against L1210 in vivo> the following procedure was employed. L1210 cells (lx 1 suspended in 0.1 ml of physiological saline solution) were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) into mice (20-22 gm) and drug... 

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