Sea-water brine

Validation of the Osmotic Coefficient Calculation. The results for the osmotic coefficients calculated for a series of brines representing an evaporative concentration sequence of sea water brines are given in Figure 1 and Table I. In Figure 1, the agreement between the measured (10) and calculated osmotic coefficients are compared. Table I also includes the coefficient of variation between the calculated and measured values. The maximum coefficient of variation encountered was 0.90 percent and... 

The chief sources of potash i are (1) The deposits of soluble potash minerals at Stassfurt (Germany), Alsace (France), Galicia (Austria), Catalonia (Spain), Punjab (India), and Atacama (Chili). (2) Sea water, brines, and many lake deposits contain appreciable quantities of potash associated with the sodium salts. (3) The ashes o vegetation—e,g, wood ashes, beet-root residues, seaweeds, sunflower stalks, hedge trimmings, etc. (4) The soapy water used for washing the grease from wool. 

Is capable of producing potable water (less than 500 p.p.m. of dissolved solids) from a sea water brine containing solids in considerably greater concentration than in sea water. 

Muzzarelli, R.R.A., Raith, G., and Tubertini, O. 1970. Separation of trace elements from sea water, brine and sodium and magnesium salt solutions by chromatography on chitosan. J. Chromatogr. A 47 414 20. Muzzarelli, R.A.A., Tanfani, R, Emanuelli, M., and Mariotti, S. 1982. N- (carboxymethylidene) chitosans and A-(carboxvmethyl)chitosans Novel chelating polvampholytes obtained from chitosan glyoxylate. Carbohydr. Res. 107 199-214. 

Flow injection analysis Reduced memory effects Increased sample throughput Reduction of matrix effects Enhancement of sensitivity On-line pretreatment chemistry System must be modified and optimized for each type of application Analysis of samples with high level of dissolved solids (sea water, brines, urine, etc), concentrated acids, volume-limited samples... 

The metal is now principally obtained in the U.S. by electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride derived from brines, wells, and sea water. 

Gr. iodes, violet) Discovered by Courtois in 1811, Iodine, a halogen, occurs sparingly in the form of iodides in sea water from which it is assimilated by seaweeds, in Chilean saltpeter and nitrate-bearing earth, known as caliche in brines from old sea deposits, and in brackish waters from oil and salt wells. 

Synthetic magnesia is most often produced from seawater, known as seawater magnesia. Seawater contains approximately 1294 ppm Mg. Synthetic magnesia can also be produced from brine wells or lakes which have much higher concentrations of magnesium. Regardless of the source of magnesium, the sea or brine water is treated with hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2, that precipitates Mg(OH)2 ... 

Titanium for industrial Brine and Sea Water Service, Titanium Metal Corporation of America, Denver, Colo., 1968. 

Type 316-This has a composition of 17/12/2.5 chromium/nickel/molyb-denum. The addition of molybdenum greatly improves the resistance to reducing conditions such as dilute sulfuric acid solutions and solutions containing halides (such as brine and sea water). 

The salts content of soils may be markedly altered by man s activities. The effect of cathodic protection will be discussed later in this section. Fertiliser use, particularly the heavy doses used in lawn care, introduces many chemicals into the soil. Industrial wastes, salt brines from petroleum production, thawing salts on walks and roads, weed-killing salts at the base of metal structures, and many other situations could be cited as examples of alteration of the soil solution. In tidal areas or in soils near extensive salt deposits, depletion of fresh ground-water supplies has resulted in a flow of brackish or salty sea water into these soils, causing increased corrosion. 

The results will also be influenced by the concentration of NaCl solution sprayed —some metals are affected more by one concentration than another — for example, zinc is corroded most by a concentrated brine (20%), while iron is corroded most by a dilute brine (3%) synthetic sea-water is less corrosive to these metals than either brine. In view of the many other ways by which the conditions within a salt-spray box differ from those of exposure to a natural sea-coast environment, there seems to be no great advantage in making-up complicated synthetic sea-waters for use in salt-spray testing. However, tablets for this purpose are commercially available. 

Theory. Conventional anion and cation exchange resins appear to be of limited use for concentrating trace metals from saline solutions such as sea water. The introduction of chelating resins, particularly those based on iminodiacetic acid, makes it possible to concentrate trace metals from brine solutions and separate them from the major components of the solution. Thus the elements cadmium, copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc are selectively retained by the resin Chelex-100 and can be recovered subsequently for determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.45 To enhance the sensitivity of the AAS procedure the eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in 90 per cent aqueous acetone. The use of the chelating resin offers the advantage over concentration by solvent extraction that, in principle, there is no limit to the volume of sample which can be used. 

Magnesium. Mg, at wt 24.312, at no 12, valence 2. Isotopes 24 (77.4%), 25 (11.5%) 26 (11.1%). Physical properties of 99.9% pure Mg are (riven in the fnllnwino tsKle fRef 10 n 6791 Mg is very abundant in nature, occurring in substantial amounts in many rock-forming minerals such as dolomite, magnesite, olivine, and serpentine. In addition, it is also found in sea water, subterranean brines, and salt beds. 

There are a limited number of such "steady radiolysis" studies of Pu in neutral or basic solutions that have been reported. Here too, the results are not unambiguous. For example, in a series of studies ( 5) with 20 mM Pu and added 2l+ltCm (1.8 x 10 D/mM/ml) the Pu(III) decreased over periods of days in solutions containing Cl- (i.e., artificial sea water and WIPP Brine) as well as in triply distilled water. The most striking result was the growth and disappearance of Pu(VI) in distilled H2O over some 300 days. 

Chemical plants are a series of operations that take raw materials and convert them into desired products, salable by-products, and unwanted wastes. Fats and oils obtained from animals and plants are hydrolyzed (reacted with water) and then reacted with soda ash or sodium hydroxide to make soaps and glycerine. Bromine and iodine are recovered from sea water and salt brines. Nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted together under pressure in the presence of a catalyst to produce ammonia, the basic ingredient used in the production of synthetic fertilizers. 

Sodium chloride is found in salt beds, salt brines, and sea water throughout the world, and it is also mined is some locations. Consequently, sodium chloride is the source of numerous other sodium compounds. A large portion of the sodium chloride utilized is consumed in the production of sodium hydroxide (Eq. (11.23)). The production of sodium metal involves the electrolysis of the molten chloride, usually in the form of a eutectic mixture with calcium chloride. Sodium carbonate is an important material that is used in many ways such as making glass. It was formerly produced from NaCl by means of the Solvay process, in which the overall reaction is... 

R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, o is the surface tension of the solution, a is the activity of the solute, and Ar is the area of the surface of the solution. According to this equation, brines in contact with air or other hydrophobic surfaces, will have a layer of relatively pure water, 3 or 4 Angstroms thick, adjacent to the interface. Therefore it should be possible to skim off this fresh water, and in fact the project was called "Sea Water Demineralization by the Surface-Skimming Process" until 1960. 

Characteristics often ascribed to MVT deposits include temperatures generally <200°C and deposition from externally derived fluids, possibly basinal brines. Sulfur isotope valnes from MVT deposits suggest two major sulfide reservoirs, one between -5 and +15%c and one greater than +20%c (Seal 2006). Both sulfide reservoirs can be related, however, to a common sea water sulfate source that has undergone different sulfur fractionation processes. Reduction of sulfate occurs either bacterially or by abiotic thermochemical reduction. High 5 S-values should reflect minimal fractionations associated with thermochemical reduction of sea water sulfate (Jones et al. 1996). 

A) The brines represent modified Paleozoic sea water or basinal brines (Kelly etal. 1986)... 

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