Brines basinal

A number of descriptive terms, including oilfield brine, basinal brine, basinal water, and formation water, have been used in the literature to describe deep aqueous fluids in sedimentary basins. No satisfactory overall classification system exists, due to the fact that these waters can be assessed by several different criteria. These include the sahnity of the water, the concentration and origin of various dissolved constituents, and the origin of the H2O, which is commonly different from that of the solutes. The following terminology has been extracted mainly from Han or (1987) and from Kharaka and Thordsen (1992). The interested reader should also consult White et al. (1963) and Sheppard (1986). 

Wilkinson JJ (2001) Flnid inclnsions in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos 55 229-272 Winckler G, Sness E, Wallman K, deLange GJ, Westbrook GK, Bayer R (1997) Excess hehnm and argon of radiogenic origin in Mediterranean brine basins. Earth Planet Sci Lett 15 225-231 Worden RH (1996) Controls on halogen concentrations in sedimentary formation waters. Mineral Mag 60 259-274... 

Figure 13. Correlation of He/" He with reciprocal of " He concentration (l/" He) from two brine basins in the Red Sea after Winckler et al. (2001a). Samples from the Atlantis brine define a mixing between RSDW (Red Sea Deep Water) and a MORB-derived component ( He/ He = 1.27x10 = 9.2 Ra), samples from Kebrit brine lie on a mixing line between RSDW and a " He-emiched crustal end-member ( He/ He = 1x10 ). The different hehum isotopic fingerprints of the two brines reflect the geological setting, i.e., the northward progression of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea.

Later, more concentrated brines of the Midland, Michigan producers displaced the California producers. In 1976, Houston Chemicals began recovery using the blowing-out process from underground brines of the Anadarko Basin in northwestern Oklahoma. Annual capacity was 900 metric tons (38). In 1991, nearly all of the iodine produced was made from Oklahoma brines by a blowing-out process. 

Langmuir D, Melchoir D (1985) The geochemistry of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra sulfates in some deep brines from the Palo Duro Basin, Texas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49 2423-2432 Langmuir D, Reise AC (1985) The thermodynamic properties of radium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49 1593-1601... 

Herczeg A, Simpson J, Anderson R, Trier R, Mathieu G, Deck B (1988) Uranium and Radium mobility in groundwaters and brines within the Delaware basin. Southeastern New Mexico, USA Chem Geol 72 181-196... 

Active hydrologic conditions exist because large volumes of water would have to pass brine through a basin to reach observed brine concentrations. 

TFSA-WATERFLOOD PILOT. A 36 acre (1.14 x lO m2) TFSA-waterflood pilot was recently conducted in the Torrance Field in the Los Angeles Basin of Southern California. To characterize the fluid floi patterns within the pilot, an interwell chemical tracer study was conducted with sodium thiocyanate. Results of the tracer study are shown in Table IV. Only 61.6 % of the injected tracer was recovered in the produced fluids, indicating that as much as 38.4 % of the injected fluids were flowing out of the pattern. Furthermore, since only 1604 bbl/d (255 m3/d) of brine was injected into the pattern, as much as 75.9 % of the total fluids produced by pilot wells were from outside the pattern. 

As a test of our ability to calculate activity coefficients in natural brines, we consider groundwater from the Sebkhat El Melah brine deposit near Zarzis, Tunisia (Perthuisot, 1980). The deposit occurs in a buried evaporite basin composed of halite (NaCl), anhydrite (CaSC>4), and dolomite [CaMg(CC>3)2]. The Tunisian government would like to exploit the brines for their chemical content, especially for the potassium, which is needed to make fertilizer. 

Eugster, H. P. and B. F. Jones, 1979, Behavior of major solutes during closed-basin brine evolution. American Journal of Science 279, 609-631. 

Hardie, L. A. and H. P. Eugster, 1970, The evolution of closed-basin brines. Miner-alogical Society of America Special Paper 3, 273-290. 

Leach, D. L., G. S. Plumlee, A. H. Hofstra, G. P. Landis, E. L. Rowan and J. G. Viets, 1991, Origin of late dolomite cement by C02-saturated deep basin brines evidence from the Ozark region, central United States. Geology 19, 348-351. 

Figure 19. Plot of Li isotopic composition vs. inverse Li concentration for lakes and basinal/oilfield brines. Lakes open circle = major global lakes (Chan and Edmond 1988 Falkner et al. 1997) semi-open circle = western U.S. closed basin lakes (Tomascak et al. 2003). Oilfield brines inverted triangle = Williston basin, Saskatchewan (Bottomley et al. 2003) diamond = Israeli oilfields (Chan et al. 2002d). Mine waters (Canadian Shield basinal brines) square = Yellowknife, NWT (Bottomley et al. 1999) triangle = Sudbury, Ontario, area (Bottomley et al. 2003) star = Thompson, Manitoba, area (Bottomley et al. 2003). Average composition of seawater is included for reference.

Figure 3. Histogram of 5 C1 in groundwater and formation water brines from sedimentary basins and oil fields relative to Cl/ Cl in SMOC (vertical dashed line at 0%o). N is the number of analyses, and bracketed numbers identify references as follows [1] Kaufmann et al. 1993 [2] Eggenkamp 1994 [3] Ziegleret al. 2001 [4] Eastoe et al. 2001 [5] Kaufmann 1984 [6] Kaufmann et al. 1984 [7] Kaufmann et al. 1988 [8] Eastoe and Guilbert 1992 [9] Eastoe et al. 1999 [10] Desauliniers et al. 1986 and [11] Eggenkamp et al. 1994.

Schematic longitudinal profile through a semi-isolated basin located in a hot, arid climate and separated from the open sea by a narrow portal. The sill depth, although shallow, is still great enough to permit some two-way flow of surface water. The lines show inferred seawater density (g/cm ) and the arrows show current directions. The pattern of evaporite deposition is based on the relationships between brine density and precipitate composition as shown in Figure 17.1, assuming that salt particles accumulate on the seafloor through the process of pelagic sedimentation. Source-. From Scruton, P. C. (1953). American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 37, 2498-2512.

Complexation of metal cations and transport in ore-forming solutions derived from sedimentary basins by organic acid anionic complexes present in oil field brines... 

Reich, M., Palacios, C., Parada, M.A., Fehn, U., Cameron, E.M., Leybourne, M.I. Zuniga, A. 2008. Fluid inclusion, groundwater geochemistry, TEM and 36CI. Evidence for a genetic link between basinal brines and atacamite formation, Atacama Desert, Chile. Mineralium Deposita, 43, 663-675. 

Shanks, W.C., III, Woodruff, L.G., Jilson, G.A., Jennings, D.S., Modene, J.S., Ryan, B.D. 1987. Sulfur and lead isotope studies of stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits. Anvil Range, Yukon Basinal brine exhalation and anoxic bottom-water mixing. Economic Geology, 82, 600-634. 

Abstract world class unconformity-related U deposits occur in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin (Northern Territory, Australia) and Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada). Widespread pre-to post-ore silicifications in the vicinity of the deposits, allow proper observation of paragenetically well-characterized fluid inclusions. We used a combination of microthermometry, Raman microspectroscopy and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), to establish the physical-chemical characteristics of the main fluids having circulated at the time of U mineralization. The deduced salinities, cation ratios (Na/Ca, Na/Mg) and P-T conditions, led to the detailed characterization of a NaCI-rich brine, a CaCl2-rich brine and a low-salinity fluid, and to the identification of mixing processes that appear to be key factors for U mineralization. 

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