Innovation scientific research

Kuhn, T. S. (1977a). The essential tension Tradition and innovation in scientific research (first published, 1959). In T. S. Kuhn, The essential tension (pp. 225-239). Chicago University of Chicago Press. 

The author is grateful to Mr. H. Horiuchi for the preparation of photoelectrochemical cells. Professor S. Yamada for discussion, and Professor Y. Tanimoto and Associate Professor Y. Fujiwara for using the superconducting magnets. The author also thanks The Center of Advanced Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu University, for H-NMR measurements. This study was financially supported by the Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research Priority Areas (Area 767, No. 15085203) and (Area 432, No. 17034051), Scientific Research (C) (No. 17550131), and twenty first century COE Program Function Innovation of Molecular Informatics from M EXTof the Japan. 

NMR microscopy is ultimately an innovative method of research and it is not surprising that most of the commercially installed systems, approximately 80%, are installed in public scientific research centers, where new applications are continuously being developed. The method is not particularly widely distributed in industry, where standardized methods are more often used. However, NMR microscopy is mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of new drugs, in the food industry for the development of new types of food, in the chemical industry for creating and characterizing new materials and in the polymer industry, e.g., for creating new mixtures for tires. 

Centre for Scientific Research, Indigenous Knowledge and Innovation (CESRIKI), University of Botswana, Botswana... 

Implicit in the idea that science feeds innovation and will breed new families of products (DTI, 2000) is that scientific research produces new knowledge, which is then exploited in the creation of new technologies. Is this a true picture of how sciences lead to technological development ... 

P C. acknowledges the FWO (Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders) for financial support. O.C. is indebted to the IWT (Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology-Flanders). 

Acknowledgments We would like to thank the Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for financial support. Partial financial support from Grant-in-Aid for a Scientific Research on Innovative Areas of Fusion Materials (No. 2206) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is gratefully acknowledged. S. Y., K. T., and Y. S. are grateful for financial support from the JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists. 

Specialty chemicals are generally successful only if they are pushed into companies at the very cutting edge of each wave of technological advance. However, the developers also have to be able to create value from their investments in innovation, which requires both the scientific research to develop the chemicals in the first place, and also a business-focused mindset to ensure their longevity in the market. 

Chinese R D activities should eventually be integrated into the global R D network of the MNC to make best use of the Chinese factor cost advantages and technological innovations. China is slowly but surely becoming a scientific research... 

This work was supported by grants from Italian Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research-PRIN 2004 and 2005, 2006 Centre of Study and Research on Aging, Brescia MIUR Center of Excellence for Innovative Diagnostics and Therapeutics (IDET) of Brescia University. 

This work was supported in part by the Program for Promotion of Basic Research Activities for Innovative Biosciences (PROBRAIN) and also in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (no. 16041212 and 18031012) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. 

Next he discussed the method that NSF uses to fund the scientific research. It has a program that was originally called the Chemical Bonding Centers but is now morphing into Centers for Chemical Innovation, which makes a number of relatively small awards, around 500,000, to fund groups of... 

There are large resources of potential food proteins (oilseed, yeast, leaf) which are presently unexploited. With the application of innovative scientific and technological methods these can become significant sources of food protein. In developing ingredient protein from plant sources, research emphasis must include studies to determine the physicochemical or functional properties of these proteins. 

This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (No. 20108001, pi-Space ), a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (No. 20245006),... 

Acknowledgments This research was partially supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (2006-2009, No. 18205016) from JSPS and that on Priority Area Strong Photon-Molecule Coupling Fields (No. 470) and Global COE program (Project No. BOl Catalysis as the Basis for Innovation in Materials Science) from MEXT, Japan. 

The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), a component of the Jefferson Laboratories of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is located in Jefferson, Arkansas. Its mission is to conduct innovative peer-reviewed scientific research focused on FDA regulatory needs. Research findings provide the basis for FDA to make sound science-based risk management decisions that promote the health of the American people. 

Tickner, Joel is Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Work Environment at the School of Health and Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell. His scholarly interests include development of innovative scientific methods and policies to implement a precautionary and preventive approach to decisionmaking under uncertainty. His teaching and research focus on regulatory science and policy, risk assessment, and cleaner production. 

This work was supported by a NEDO project, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 14350010 and a Grant-in-Aid for the creation of innovation through business-academy-public sector cooperation from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture. 

In spite of its long tradition and the existence of several rather mature areas, the chemical industry will remain a motor for innovation in research and industry and play a decisive role in the design and development of new industrial branches. These innovations will result from the ever-closer interactions of all scientific-technological disciplines. Research in the industry is tending to concentrate on the application properties of its products. The chemical industry has always worked to satisfy the general public s needs with regard to health, nutrition, wellness, communication and mobility and will continue to do so. 

The industry has had a fine record from the standpoint of new product innovation and a rather miserable record in explaining the economics of the research oriented pharmaceutical firm. In short, it has spent billions on scientific research but a pitiful amount on economic research, and today it suffers greatly from a lack of meaningful economic information, the type of hard data necessary to convince a government agency. 

Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. Hoffmann-La Roche Indoflne Chemical Company, Inc. Innovative Scientific Services, Inc. Intercardia Research Laboratories Janssen Research Foundation... 

This work was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (No. 2, "Innovative Synthetic Reactions") from Monbusho... 

The author examines the premise that technological innovation stems from scientific research, and suggests that relative to the early decades of the twentieth century, the relationship between science and technology has changed drastically. To test this premise, abstracts in five volumes of the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry between 1884 and 1952 were classified by institutional locus, the... 

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