Quantitative revolution

These kinds of maps and optimisation approaches represent impressive applications of the quantitative revolution to purposes in materials engineering. 

This whole field is an excellent illustration of the deep change in metallurgy and its inheritor, materials science, wrought by the quantitative revolution of mid-century. 

Much earlier than these encyclopedias is a book first published in 1941 (Chalmers and Quarrell 1941, I960) and devoted to the physical examination of metals . This multiauthor book includes some recondite methods, such as the study of the damping capacity of solids (Section 5.1). In the second edition, the authors remark Not the least of the many changes that have taken place since the first edition appeared has been in the attitude of the metallurgist to pure science and to modern techniques involving scientific principles. The two editions span the period to which I have attributed the quantitative revolution , in Chapter 5. 

However, I believe that enough has been described to support my contention that modern methods of characterisation are absolutely central to materials science in its modern incarnation following the quantitative revolution of mid-century. That revolution owed everything to the availability of sensitive and precise techniques of measurement and characterisation. 

According to an early historical overview (Jones 1960), the numerous attempts to understand the sintering process in both ceramics and metals fall into three periods (1) speculative, before 1937 (2) simple, 1937-1948 (3) complex, 1948 onwards. The complex experiments and theories began just at the time when metallurgy underwent its broad-based quantitative revolution (see Chapter 5). 

Unfortunately, now that such methods have become available, such as the Time Of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) technique, this revolution does not happen. What we see instead is a much slower process towards quantitative NDT, in combination with adapted acceptance criteria for weld defects. 

Combustion has a very long history. From antiquity up to the middle ages, fire along with earth, water, and air was considered to be one of the four basic elements in the universe. However, with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, one of the initiators of the Chemical Revolution and discoverer of the Law of Conservation of Mass (1785), its importance was reduced. In 1775-1777, Lavoisier was the first to postulate that the key to combustion was oxygen. He realized that the newly isolated constituent of air (Joseph Priestley in England and Carl Scheele in Sweden, 1772-1774) was an element he then named it and formulated a new definition of combustion, as the process of chemical reactions with oxygen. In precise, quantitative experiments he laid the foundations for the new theory, which gained wide acceptance over a relatively short period. 

Chromatographic techniques represent one of the most significant sources of analytical data found in today s pharmaceutical laboratories. All of the chromatographic techniques produce data that must be acquired, interpreted, quantified, compared, reported, and finally archived (see Chapter 21). Whether the analysis is qualitative or quantitative in nature, the data must somehow be interpreted and reported so that meaningful decisions can be made. It may be as simple as a qualitative decision that indicates whether a reaction has reached completion successfully, or it may be a series of quantitative analyses that help determine if a batch or lot of product meets its specifications and may now be released. This chapter also examines the evolution and perhaps the revolution that has taken place within the chromatography data system (CDS) marketplace. 

Several technology leaps have taken place in separation sciences during the lifetime of the pharmaceutical industry. The development of chromatography at the end of the nineteenth century was the first of these revolutions and its transformation into thin-layer chromatography (TLC) provided the mainstay for quantitative analysis well into the second half of the twentieth century. With the development of gas chromatography (GC) after World War II and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) two decades later, the age of fully instrumented separation science had arrived. 

HAT A BODY is made of, its qualitative composition, had been a central concern of chemistry from antiquity. After the chemical revolution, which established the rules of quantitative analysis, it became possible and desirable to determine not only what a body was made of, but how much there was of each of its components. Two principles newly introduced during the chemical revolution made this transformation possible (i) the operational element, or simple body as it was then called (2) the systematic application of the conservation of weight principle to all quantitative chemical work. 

The third thesis is in fact neo-Darwinian. It follows from the quantitative treatments of population genetics developed, particularly by Haldane, Fischer, and Wright, in the first half of this century. The molecular-biological revolution of the 1950s led to the euphoric expectation that the laws of genetics would prove reducible to the magic formula... 

This pharmaceutical revolution could not have been achieved without the under-girdment of advanced analytical instrumentation. Mass spectrometry (MS) combined with liquid chromatography (LC) has enabled the characterization of novel potential dmgs as well as quantitative measurement in an increasingly complex milieu at an incredibly rapid throughput rate. Quantitation of dmgs in biological media such as... 

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