Saw tooth waves

Some design concepts for generating uniform droplets have been proposed by Lee et al.[88] These include (a) centrifugal type chamber, (b) atomization by two opposing air-liquid jets, and (c) spinning disk coupled with an ultrasonic field. Some other conceptions include (d) rocket nozzle chamber, (e) frozen particles, (f) rotating brush, and (g) periodic vibrations using saw-tooth waves, etc. 

Vramp - A saw-tooth voltage source. This source uses the pulsed voltage source to make a saw-tooth wave. It is a special case of Vpulse. 

More complex temperature programmes are sometimes useful. These might combine periods of variable heating and cooling rates with isothermal periods. For example, stepwise heating can be used to detect the onset of melting under quasi-isothermal conditions (Laye, 2002). Modulated temperature DSC (MTDSC), in which the linear temperature scan is perturbed by a sinusoidal, square or saw-tooth wave, or other modulation of temperature, has a number of potential advantages over the conventional linear scan. These include increased sensitivity and resolution, and the ability to separate multiple thermal events (Laye, 2002). 

L6 REM Sleep. This is characterized by rapid eye movements. The slow wave pattern in the EEG is desynchronized and changes to a low amplitude mixed frequency 6 including some a pattern and often displaying saw tooth waves. No sleep spindles are seen. The muscle tone below the chin is totally relaxed or abolished. 

If the amplitude of a signal varies periodically as a function of time, and if the shape of the time-varying amplitude is symmetric in time (often associated with a duty cycle of 1 1), the term AC signal is used. Most commonly, sine wave, square wave or saw-tooth wave forms are encountered in practical experiments (the former two are included in Figure 14.1). The amplitude values may alter between zero and full, but also could constitute amplitude modulations around a finite mean value (associated with amplitude modulation). 

Figure 16. IPMC actuator response for square and saw tooth wave input at 2.5 Volts rms and a current of about 20 milliamps...

Type 2 - fI = fi t) is characterized by a saw-tooth-like pattern of peaks of various amplitudes, with the peaks appearing at almost regular intervals transition waves travel outward from a central focus to the boundary, with widely differing radii type-2 behavior typically appears for 3 < i/ < 8. 

Purpose Generate data sets using mixed deterministic/stochastic models with N = 1. .. 1000. These data sets can be used to test programs or to do Monte Carlo studies. Five different models are predefined sine wave, saw tooth, base line, GC-peaks, and step functions. Data file SIMl.dat was... 

Residual current in polarography. In the pragmatic treatment of the theory of electrolysis (Section 3.1) we have explained the occurrence of a residual current on the basis of back-diffusion of the electrolysis product obtained. In conventional polarography the wave shows clearly the phenomenon of a residual current by a slow rise of the curve before the decomposition potential as well as beyond the potential where the limiting current has been reached. In order to establish the value one generally corrects the total current measured for the current of the blank solution in the manner illustrated in Fig. 3.16 (vertical distance between the two parallel lines CD and AB). However, this is an unreliable procedure especially in polarography because, apart from the troublesome saw-tooth character of the i versus E curve, the residual current exists not only with a faradaic part, which is caused by reduction (or oxidation)... 

However, hydraulical compaction simulators are still used in research for basic material characterization. They show the advantage of controlling speed exactly and of using low and high punch travel speeds, between 10 and 300 mm/s. Mostly a simple displacement profile is used for characterization (e.g., a saw tooth or a sine wave profile), and the evolving forces at the lower and upper punches are measured. Further the speed of the punches can be controlled separately and both punches move freely and independently from each other. Time intervals in which the punches stand still can be freely set. Thus lots of freedom for material characterization is possible and these compaction simulators are important tools. 

SlMl.dat Section 1.4 Five data sets of 200 points each generated by SIM-GAUSS the deterministic time series sine wave, saw tooth, base line, GC-peak, and step function have stochastic (normally distributed) noise superimposed use with SMOOTH to test different filter functions (filer type, window). A comparison between the (residual) standard deviations obtained using SMOOTH respectively HISTO (or MSD) demonstrates that the straight application of the Mean/SD concept to a fundamentally unstable signal gives the wrong impression. 

The saw-tooth fracture surface can be interpreted as a sequence of interlaminar and intralaminar delaminations oscillating back and forth at regular intervals [4], The amplitud(j of the saw-tooth pattern determined from photographs is consistent with the assumption that it is equal to the thickness of the centre 90°-ply of the cross-ply specimens. For the symmetric lay-up with two 90°-plies at the centre, the wave-length of the saw-tooth pattern is more than doubled (factor around 2.1) compared with the non-symmetric lay-up. The steady-state delamination in the cross-ply specimens is oscillating between two 0°-plies on either side of the centre 90°-ply with a wavelength that seems to depend on ply thickness. 

To observe the whole wave form, an ordinary cathode-ray oscilloscope, operated with the saw-tooth time base, was used. A single sweep cathode-ray oscilloscope, which could start sweeping at any desired phase of the applied voltage, was used to measure the details of a desired part of the current wave form. 

The acoustic excitation in the SEM/SFM hybrid system is performed with a 15 kV electron beam locally modulated by a saw tooth function with a frequency of 76.8 kHz. This leads to a behavior comparable to an acoustic line source with a directed emission [7]. The line source has a length of 43 pm and is located in parallel to the SFM cantilever, emitting acoustic waves vertically to the cantilever axis. 

The normal experimental technique is to scan rapidly through the velocity range and repeat this scan many times imtil data of the required accuracy has been accumulated. The Doppler motion is provided by an electromechanical drive system controlled by a servo -amplifier. Usually, the source is attached to the drive shaft and driven either in a saw-tooth or a triangular constant acceleration wave form. The transducer is coupled to a multichannel analyser operating in the multiscaler mode, and the servo-amplifier is controlled by the channel advance frequency. The dwell time in each channel, corresponding to a specific velocity increment, is 100 ps, and while the channel gate is open it accepts pulses from the detector. 

Where a multiplexed sine wave or saw-tooth modulation is used the deconvolution procedure can be used to extract the response at a series of frequencies [4,10,19,20]. However, current commercial products restrict themselves to using the first component of the Fourier series, which is then, with the assumption of linearity, equivalent to using a single sinusoidal modulation. It is true that looking at the whole Fourier series, rather than just the first component, offers scope for increasing the amount of information that can be obtained from an MTDSC experiment. This applies even to single sinusoidal modulations (because non-linearities produce harmonics) as well as multiple simultaneous sine waves or saw-tooth modulations. This will be considered in greater detail below in the section on advanced MTDSC. 

It is possible to use multiple sine waves [10] and so extract as a Fourier series (or other deconvolution procedure) the response to several frequencies simultaneously, as illustrated in Chapter 4. An extension of this is the use of saw-tooth temperature modulations [20]. These can be considered to be a combination of an infinite series of sine waves (though only a limited range will be available in practice). A symmetric saw-tooth (same heating and cooling rate) only has odd harmonics, but an asymmetric saw-tooth (different heating and cooling rates) is equivalent to a broad range of frequencies. 

Alternative modulation functions and data analysis procedures have been applied in MTDSC. Different instrument manufacturers have applied square wave or saw-tooth modulation, coupled with Fourier transform analysis methodologies. Alternative modulation functions provide some additional advant ages - for example, a square wave function ensures that a steady state is achieved over an isothermal plateau since the signal during such a period is the nonreversing contribution. The amplitude provides a measure of the reversing signal. However, there are... 

Specimen geometry Specimen preparation Wave-form, e.g., sine, sqnare, saw-tooth Maximum applied stress or strain... 

Atrial flutter is commonly a right atrial reentrant rhythm characterized by "saw tooth" flutter waves in the inferior surface BCG leads and a rate of approximately 300 b.p.m. It can also originate in the left atrium and may have some variability in rate, i.e. about 240-320 b.p.m. Conduction to the ventricles in all varieties can commonly be 2 1 (about 150 b.p.m.). Ventricular conduction, however, may be variable and as great as 1 1 Thus, this can initiate a tachycardia detection by the ICD for the rapidly conducted forms. 

If time has an effect on corrosion fatigue the question arises as to whether or not also the cyclic wave form mat have an effect. Fig. 16.20 presents various forms of cyclic-stress fluctuations used to check this effect. They are (a) sinusoidal load, (b) triangular load, (c) square load, (d) positive-sawtooth load and (e) negative-saw-tooth load, respectively. 

Fig. 5. Saw-tooth shape of wave fronts due to mutual acceleration of crossing waves propagating in two weakly coupled sublayers (from [51]).

This behavior was simulated in computer experiments with a simplified model of two excitable layers with linear coupling [52, 59]. Mutual acceleration of waves in crossing points was obtained resulting in a saw-tooth shape of the wave fronts. Development of spiral waves was also observed due to a partial annihilation of colliding waves propagating in both layers when different thresholds of excitability were taken for two layers. 

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