Typical behavior

This typical behavior of the very unsymmetrical thiazole ring led to a series of studies from the group of H. Erlenmeyer in Basle be studied the H/D exchange of 2,4-dimethyl-5-carboxythia2ole as well as that of similar methylated nitrogen heterocycles (507). The results are shown in Fig. 1-27. 

The impact on negative-CA resists of airborne base contamination differs qualitatively from their positive tone counterparts. Suppression of acid-catalyzed chemistry at the surface of a negative resist results in some film erosion at the top of the exposed fields and in some cases an apparent loss of photosensitivity, but in general the reUef images formed exhibit the expected cross-sectional profile. This is in sharp contrast with the typical behavior seen with positive-tone CA resists, where suppression of acid-catalyzed chemistry at the surface causes an insoluble surface skin. 

MethylceUulose with a methyl DS less than about 0.6 is alkali-soluble. Erom about 1.6 to 2.4, it is water-soluble (most commercial grades) above 2.4, it is soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents. MethylceUulose solutions in water start to gel at 55° C, independent of molecular weight. The gelation is a function of the DS, rate of heating, and type and amounts of additives such as salts. As the temperature increases, the viscosity initially decreases (typical behavior). When the gelling temperature is reached, the viscosity sharply rises until the flocculation temperature is reached. Above this temperature, the viscosity coUapses. This process is reversible with temperature (75). 

FIG. 23-7 Imp ulse and step inputs and responses. Typical, PFR and CSTR. (a) Experiment with impulse input of tracer, (h) Typical behavior area between ordinates at tg and ty equals the fraction of the tracer with residence time in that range, (c) Plug flow behavior all molecules have the same residence time, (d) Completely mixed vessel residence times range between zero and infinity, e) Experiment with step input of tracer initial concentration zero. (/) Typical behavior fraction with ages between and ty equals the difference between the ordinates, h — a. (g) Plug flow behavior zero response until t =t has elapsed, then constant concentration Cy. (h) Completely mixed behavior response begins at once, and ultimately reaches feed concentration. 

Exploration of the region 0 < T < requires numerical calculations using eqs. (2.5)-(2.7). Since the change in /cq is small compared to that in the leading exponential term [cf. (2.14) and (2.18)], the Arrhenius plot k(P) is often drawn simply by setting ko = coo/ln (fig. 5). Typical behavior of the prefactor k and activation energy E versus temperature is presented in fig. 6. The narrow intermediate region between the Arrhenius behavior and the low-temperature limit has width... 

Fig. 2.7. Elastic precursor decay in which elastic waves are observed to decrease in amplitude with propagation distance is a typical behavior. The data of this figure describe the behavior of crystalline LiF samples of different yield strengths (after Asay et al. [72A02]).

Fig. 5JS2. Shock-induced polarization of polymers has been studied by many investigators, with data as summarized. The typical behavior indicates a threshold compression of about 10%-15% followed by a rapid increase in value. The polarizations shown vary over three orders of magnitude. The author has proposed a mechanically induced bond-scission model to describe the effects. (See Graham [79G01].)...

What is observed is that there are significant changes in specific surface, but that they are relatively modest and cannot account for large changes in reaction rates in shocked powders. The observed behavior can be characterized into typical behaviors as summarized in Fig. 7.1. If comminution is the dominant behavior, the specific surface area will be observed to increase. Such a behavior is called Type a. If consolidation is the dominant behavior, specific surface area will be observed to decrease. Such a behavior is called Type b. In the most typical case, the specific surface increases at low pres-... 

Fig. 7.1. Observed specific surfaces for shock-modified powders show four typical behaviors indicative of (a) comminution, (b) consolidation bonding, (c) comminution followed by bonding, and (d) comminution after phase transformation [85L01].

Using a delicate reduction method, the aldehyde group can be converted to a sixth hydroxyl group, giving the substance called sorbitol. This compound shows the typical behavior of an alcohol. For example, it forms esters with acids ... 

Fig. 6. Typical behavior of the function y = F(E) === R — f(E). The Newton-Raphson construction shows that the second-order process based on Eqs. III.51 and III.53 does not always converge towards the eigenvalue lying closest to E(0).

The microphase separation of an amphiphilic polyelectrolyte is clearly reflected in the viscosity behavior of its aqueous solution. As a representative example, Fig. 5 shows the reduced viscosities of ASt-x with different styrene (St) content plotted against the polymer concentration in salt-free aqueous solution [29], The AMPS homopolymer and its copolymers with low St content exhibit negative slopes, which is the typical behavior of polyelectrolytes in the concentration range shown in Fig. 5. With increasing St content, however, the slope systematically decreases and eventually turns to be slightly positive, while reduced viscosity itself markedly decreases. These data indicate that, with increasing St content, the... 

A typical behavior of amplitude dependence of the components of dynamic modulus is shown in Fig. 14. Obviously, even for very small amplitudes A it is difficult to speak firmly about a limiting (for A -> 0) value of G, the more so that the behavior of the G (A) dependence and, respectively, extrapolation method to A = 0 are unknown. Moreover, in a nonlinear region (i.e. when a dynamic modulus depends on deformation amplitude) the concept itself on a dynamic modulus becomes in general not very clear and definite. 

Class 111-type behavior is representative of reactions in which jt bonds have to be broken. It is the typical behavior of reactions in which CO or N2 bond activation is rate limiting. 

The cancellation in GP effects in the state-to-state DCS are found [20-22, 26, 27, 29] at low impact parameters, when F(J) in Eq. (15) is chosen to include only contributions for which / < 9. It is well known [55,56] that most of the reactive scattering in this regime consists of head-on collisions, in which the reaction proceeds mainly by the H atom striking the H2 diatom at geometries that are close to linear. Most of the products are then formed by direct recoil in the backward (9 = 180°) region, this being typical behavior for a hydrogen-abstraction reaction. 

In both cases, the half-wave potential shifts by RT/ ziF)vaN per pH unit, and a typical example of such a behavior is given in Fig. 9 for the transfer of two acidic fi-diketones at the water-nitrobenzene interface. These results were unexpected, since a current wave is measured at a pH where the compound of interest is by a very large majority neutral, but they in fact represent the typical behavior of ionizable compounds at the ITIES and prove that the interfacial potential and the transfer of protons plays a key role for the distribution in biphasic systems. 

Halpem M. and Kubie J.L. (1984). The role of the ophidian vomeronasal system in species-typical behavior. Trends Neurosci 7, All-All. 

Figure 8.1 shows the typical behavior of a ceria-based sample. As a rule ... 

Figure 7.5 Histograms illustrating typical behavioral state changes observed following bilateral lesions of dopaminergic ventral tegmental pathways in rats receiving 6-hydroxydopamine into the nucleus accumbens (217). Notable amounts of REM sleep are evident during both the major wake (1900-0700) and major sleep (0700-1900) periods. Maintenance of the rest and activity periods to the 12 12 h light dark schedule, respectively, demonstrates the relative preservation of circadian processes.

Substitution of P-substituents other than halogens has been reported for P-ethoxy-l,3,2-diazaphospholene and l,3,2-diazaphospholene-2-oxide which react with trichlorosilane to yield the corresponding P-chloro-substituted heterocycles [49,50]. This reaction reflects a typical behavior of phosphine derivatives undergoing halogen replacement similar to the previously discussed transformations. 

In Figure 9, we have also represented the variation of (Rp)max with the temperature at which this quantity was measured (curve b). At first sight, this nearly straight line seems to indicate that an increase of the temperature leads to a faster polymerization, a typical behavior observed in thermal runaway processes. Actually, the polymerization rate is growing here because the light intensity was increased, which leads in turn to a greater rise in temperature. 

Fig. 4.7 Typical behavior of a solid detergent product during the first 20 minutes in a commercially available washing machine. Relevant parameters (pH value, conductivity A, surface tension y, peroxide content ) were detected by on-line sensorics.

Figure 5. 2. Impulse and step inputs and responses. Typical7 PFR and CSTR. CaD Experiment with impulse input of tracer. CbD Typical behavior area between ordinates at ta and tb equals the fraction of the tracer with residence time in that range. Cc3...

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