Salmonellosis

Altered GI flora Bartonellosis Decreased gastric acidity Decreased gastric motility Diabetes mellitus GI surgery Hemolytic diseases Histoplasmosis Inflammatory bowel disease Lymphoproliferative diseases Malaria 

Bowel movements - diarrhea Bowel sounds - increased Head - pain (headache) 

Osteomyelitis Pericarditis Reiter s syndrome Septicemia Toxic megacolon 

Blood WBC - increased (leukocytosis) [4] Stool blood - positive Stool culture - positive Stool WBC - positive 

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Salmonella sp (over 1,500 serotypes) Salmonellosis acute diarrhea... 

A variety of other clinically important infections, such as brucellosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, and various Mycobacterium infections, are of interest as these are often localized in organs rich in MPS cells. Liposome encapsulation has been demonstrated to improve therapeutic indices of several drugs in a number of infectious models. The natural avidity of macrophages for liposomes can also be exploited in the application of the vesicles as carriers of immunomodulators to activate these cells to an microbicidal, antiviral, or tumoricidal state. These studies were recently reviewed by Emmen and Storm (1987), Popescu et al. (1987), and Alving (1988). In addition to the treatment of "old" infectious diseases, the concept of MPS-directed drug delivery is of considerable interest for the therapy AIDS, possibly enabling control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human macrophages. 

Desiderio, J. V., and Campbell, S. G. (1985), Immunization against experimental murine salmonellosis with liposome-associated O-antigen. Inf. Inunun.. 48. 658-663. 

Particular strains of salmonellae (section 4.2) such as Sal. typhi, Sal. paratyphi and Sal. typhimurium are able not only to penetrate into intestinal epithelial cells and produce exotoxins but also to penetrate beyond into subepithelial tissues. These organisms therefore produce, in addition to the usual symptoms of salmonellosis, a characteristic systemic disease (typhoid and enteric fever). Following recovery frxm such infection the organism is commonly found associated with the gall bladder, hi this state, the recovered person will excrete the organism and form a reservoir for the infection of others. 

Problems of recent years involving listeriosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis and Legionnaire s disease have received attention, as have the re-emergence of tuberculosis and the importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). 

Risk factors for salmonellosis include extremes of age, alteration of the endogenous bowel flora of the intestine (e.g., as a result of antimicrobial therapy or surgery), diabetes, malignancy, rheumatologic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and therapeutic immunosuppression of all types. 

Salmonella are motile, non-lactose-fermenting, gram-negative bacilli. In salmonellosis, the organisms penetrate the epithelial lining to the lamina propia with production of diffuse inflammation. The distal ileum and colon are sites of infection. 

Localized infections occur in 5% to 10% of cases with Salmonella bacteremia. Sites for extraintestinal complications of salmonellosis include endocarditis, arteritis, central nervous system, lung, bone, joints, muscle/soft tissue, splenic, and genitourinary. 

Events involving deliberate or accidental distribution of bacterial pathogens into our everyday environment have clearly defined the need for a sensitive, specific, and rapid method of bacterial detection. Bioterrorism was first introduced in the United States in 1984 with the Salmonella typhimurium attack in The Dalles, Oregon, by a cult group attempting to affect a local election.1 As a result of this act 751 people contracted salmonellosis, which totally overwhelmed the hospitals and medical clinics with patients. Later our society became keenly aware of the potential of bioterrorism during the last four months of 2001 when Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores were sent through the US mail in an envelope to several locations. These events had... 

Riley L W, Cohen M L, Seals J E, Blaser M J, Birkness K A, Hargrett N T, Martin S M and Feldman R A (1984), Importance of host factors in human salmonellosis caused by multiresistant strains of Salmonella , Journal of Infectious Diseases, 149, 878-883. 

Sagoo, S.K., Little, C.L., Ward, L., Gillespie, I.A. and Mitchell, R.T. (2003) Microbiological study of ready-to-eat salad vegetables from retail establishments uncovers a national outbreak of salmonellosis . Journal of Food Protection, 66, 403-409. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection, pasteurellosis, and salmonellosis including pullorum disease bacillary white diarrhea. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, enterotox-emia due to . coli, rabies, pregnancy toxemia, polioencephalomalatia, acute rumen impaction, louping-ill hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and acute lead poisoning. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Amebiasis, cholera, salmonellosis, schisto-mosis, yersiniosis, Clostridium difficile colitis, colon cancer, Crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Hog cholera, salmonellosis, erysipelas, Glasser s disease, erysipelas, septicemic salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, Haemophilus suis infection, Streptococcus suis infection, eperythrozoonosis, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, coumarin poisoning, and salt poisoning. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Infectious bronchitis, laryngotracheitis, fowl cholera, avian influenza, fowl pox, psittacosis, mycoplasmosis, avian encephalomyelitis, coryza, salmonellosis, Marek s disease and Pacheco s disease in parrots, vitamin E deficiency, and deprivation of water, air, or feed. 

Sill, F.G., J.P. Reyes, J.R. Lezama, E.A. Fernandez, R. Rosiles, and J. Bautista. 1996. Treatment of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas and a case complicated with salmonellosis and lead poisoning. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Zoo. Veterin. 1996 410-417. 

Human disease caused by Salmonella generally falls into four categories acute gastroenteritis (enterocolitis), bacteremia, extraintestinal localized infection, and enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), and a chronic carrier state. S. typhimurium is the most common cause of salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is a disease primarily of infants, children, and adolescents. 

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, a), the total number of laboratory-confirmed cases of foodborne infections in the U.S. in 2002 was 16,580, including (rates per 100,000 people) salmonellosis (16.1), campylobacteriosis (13.3), and shigellosis (10.3). Escherichia coli 0157, Listeria, Vibrio, Yersinia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and hemolytic-uremic E. coli were also found to be the causes of infections. The morbidity rate reached about 46 cases per 100,000 people. 

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