Paratyphoid fever

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp, aerogenes produce acid from lactose on this medium, altering the colour of the indicator, and also adsorb some of the indicator which may be precipitated around the growing cells. The organisms causing typhoid and paratyphoid fever and bacillary dysentery do not ferment lactose, and colonies of these organisms appear transparent. 

Salmonella typhi is the causal organism of typhoid fever, Sal. paratyphi causes paratyphoid fever, whilst Sal. typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis and very many other closely related organisms are a cause of bacterial food poisoning. 

Human disease caused by Salmonella generally falls into four categories acute gastroenteritis (enterocolitis), bacteremia, extraintestinal localized infection, and enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever), and a chronic carrier state. S. typhimurium is the most common cause of salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is a disease primarily of infants, children, and adolescents. 

Thaver D, Zaidi AK, Critchley J, Madni SA, Bhutta ZA. Fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid and paratyphoid fever (enteric fever). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005. 

Chloramphenicol remains a major treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in developing countries. However, with increasing resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and, to some extent, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones and some third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone) have become the drugs of choice. Salmonella infections, such as osteomyelitis, meningitis and septicemia, have also been indications for chloramphenicol use. Nevertheless, antibiotic resistance patterns can be a problem. As noted previously, nonty-phoidal salmonella enteritis is not benefited by treatment with chloramphenicol or other antibiotics. 

E. Chloramphenicol is no longer the treatment of choice for any bacterial infection because of the potentially fatal chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow suppression. In the past it has been used against the infections indicated in choices A, B, C, and D. It remains a major treatment for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in some developing countries, since alternative drugs are much more expensive. 

Salmonella typhi Bacteremia paratyphoid fever typhoid fever Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or cefotaxime Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole... 

In 58 Japanese patients with typhoid fever, 42 with paratyphoid fever, and one with both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, almost 80% of whom were treated with tosufloxacin, there were adverse effects (nausea, urticaria, aphthous stomatitis) in 3.6% and raised serum amylase in 8.3% (1). All the adverse reactions resolved with or without a change in drug therapy. 

Ohnishi K, Kimura K, Masuda G, Tsunoda T, Ghana M, Yoshida H, Goto T, Sakaue Y, Kim YK, Sakamoto M, Sagara H. Oral administration of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in Japan. Intern Med 2000 39(12) 1044-8. 

Pathogens Pathogenic organisms that can transmit communicable diseases via wastewater. Typical notified infectious diseases reported are cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid fever, salmonellosis, and shigellosis. E. coli and fecal coli are indicators of pathogens. 

Specific Salmonella serotypes produce characteristic human disease. For example S. enterica serotypes Typhimurium or Enteri-tidis causes gastroenteritis, whereas serotypes Typhi or Paratyphi causes enteric fever. Clinical manifestations produced by Salmonella serotypes commonly include acute gastroeuteritis (euterocolitis), bacteremia, extraiutestiual locahzed iufectiou, euteric fever (typhoid aud paratyphoid fever), aud a chrouic carrier state. 

Enteric Eever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid). Enteric fever caused by serotype Typhi is called typhoid fever. If caused by any other serotype, it is referred to as paratyphoid fever. The clinical... 

Salmonellae can exist for long periods outside their host, and maybe found, for example, in sewage and surface water. Humans may become infected by consuming contaminated water or food, especially animal products, such as eggs, meat, and milk, or vegetables that have been fertilized with contaminated manure. The bacteria can also be transmitted from human or animal carriers by unhygienic food preparation. Various species of Salmonella cause gastroenteritis and septicaemia typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are caused by S. typhi and S. paratyphi, respectively. 

Documented effects Fruits and seeds have antibacterial properties. An alcohol extract and fatty oil are used to treat paratyphoid fever (Aitbaeva 1972). 

Endotoxins are produced primarily by gramnegative bacteria. They act as antigens, are firmly bound to the bacterial cell wall and are complex in nature. They have protein, poly-saccharide and lipid components. Endotoxins are relatively heat stable and are in general active without a latent period. The toxins causing typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, salmonellosis and bacterial dysentery are in this group. Salmonellosis is very serious. It is an infection by toxins of about 300 different but closely related organisms. The infec-... 

Amoebic dysentery Bacterial dysentery Brucellosis Food poisoning Hepatitis A Paratyphoid fever Salmonellosis Taeniasis Trichinosis Typhoid fever Yersiniosis... 

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