Salmonella typhi typhoid fever

Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever Monitor carriers F3... 

Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever) Other Salmonella... 

Enterobacter,c Proteus, Yersinia (Y. pestis, plague), Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella (S. typhi, typhoid fever), Serratia, Shigella (S. dysenteriae, bacterial dysentery), Haemophilus Vibrio (V. cholerae, Asiatic cholera) Zym.om.onas... 

Typhoid fever is an illness caused by infection with Salmonella typhi. Typhoid is spread via the fecal-oral route. Clinical illness in its severe form is characterized by gradually rising fever that reaches 39 to 41°C (102.2 to 105.8°F) and persists for up to 2 weeks. Headaches, abdominal discomfort, malaise, myalgia, and anorexia usually are present. Older children and adults usually have constipation, whereas diarrhea is common in infants. Complications include intestinal perforation and hemorrhage. Between 2% and 5% of patients become chronic gallbladder carriers of S. typhi. 

Salmonella typhi is the causal organism of typhoid fever, Sal. paratyphi causes paratyphoid fever, whilst Sal. typhimurium, Sal. enteritidis and very many other closely related organisms are a cause of bacterial food poisoning. 

Typhoid fever a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi... 

Typhoid vaccines Killed Salmonella typhi Active immunization against typhoid fever... 

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi or S. paratyphi is an important and prevalent cause of continuous fever without localizing symptoms in the tropics. The diagnosis can be confirmed with a bloodculture. Response on therapy is often seen only after 3 days when the fever subsides. Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella typhi was first described in Vietnam in 1973. Its prevalence reached 95% in the 1970s and then decreased to 54% in the 1980s after cotrimoxazole became the treatment of choice. In the mid-1993, there was a dramatic increase in the number of strains of S. typhi, isolated in the hospital and from patients in the outbreaks, which are resistant to the three first-line antibiotics chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazol and ampicillin. This indicated that there was an urgent need for effective antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid fever. 

TMP-SMX is also used in the treatment of infection caused by ampicillin-resistant Shigella spp. and for antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp.. The combination is also effective for covering the carrier state of Salmonella typhi, the agent of typhoid fever, and other Salmonella spp.. Successful treatment of traveler s diarrhea due to susceptible E. coli is another advantage of the use of this combination. The combination is not indicated in the therapy of enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains such as 0157 H7 because of the risk of developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with the release of the cytotoxic enterotoxin by the drugs. 

Typhoid fever is a disease which starts as an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. It is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It spreads by ingestion of contaminated food or drink. Normally Salmonella typhi bacterium is inactivated by... 

Salmonella typhi Bacteremia paratyphoid fever typhoid fever Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or cefotaxime Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole... 

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a rod-shaped Gram-negative facultative anaerobe and a prominent enteric bacterial pathogen capable of causing food- and water-related diseases. Several serovars of S. enterica are associated with human infection. The principle clinical diseases associated with Salmonella infection are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. S. enterica serovars Typhi S. Typhi) and Paratyphi (,S. Paratyphi) are pathogenically exclusive for humans and are known to cause typhoid or enteric fever (Ohl and Miller, 2001). Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by the development of fever, abdominal pain, enterocolitis, and occasionally, a maculopapular rash. The hallmark feature of typhoid fever is the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and hypertrophy of the intestinal Peyer s patches and mesenteric lymphoidal tissue (Kraus et al., 1999 Ohl and Miller, 2001). There are approximately 20 million cases of typhoid fever worldwide each year, and this acute and often life-threatening infection is responsible for over 200,000 deaths annually (Crump et al., 2004). 

The onset of symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis is usually 6-72 h. Acute symptoms may last for 1-2 days or may be prolonged depending on host factors, ingested dose, and strain. Arthritic symptoms may occur 3 weeks after onset of acute symptoms. Symptoms are more severe in the elderly, infants, and immunocompromised individuals. S. typhi and S. paratyphi A, B, and C produce typhoid and typhoid-like symptoms in humans. Enteric fever (typhoid fever) may develop other symptoms include anorexia, abdominal pain, malaise, myalgias, headache, cough, diarrhea or constipation, and... 

Laboratory diagnosis is based on stool culture and isolation of salmonella serotype. Blood culture may be also positive in bacteremic phase. For typhoid fever, the Widal test is used to measure antibodies against O and H antigens S. Typhi. 

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enteric, serotype typhi, member of Enterobacteriacae family. It involves the reticuloendothelial system of multiple organs (Parry et al. 2002). 

Salmonella typhi is a human pathogen. The mode of transmission is by contamination of water by fecal excretion, but it is also transmitted from person to person by hands and contact with infected patients. Food handlers who carry Salmonella typhi pose an increased risk of transmission of infection. Salmonella typhi are excreted in the stool of chronic carriers who may be asymptomatic as well as in the stool and urine in patients with active disease. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are associated with inadequate sanitary infrastructures in developing countries due to inadequate measures of hygiene. Contamination of water in the community is the main source of infection in endemic areas. In developed countries the main source of contamination is by food supplies infected by carriers. Flies and lack of adequate standards of proper disposal of waste may also account for the spread of infection. 

Transmission of Salmonella typhi may also occur in day care centers and schools by direct contact with the fecal-oral route. Particularly attention should be taken by nursing and medical personnel in infectious units who care for patients with Salmonellosis and typhoid fever. 

Systemic and local immune responses, humoral and cellular, are mounted by the host but these are not associated with host protection. Necrosis of Peyer s patches, which may lead to intestinal perforation, is attributed to interaction of bacterial factors and host immune response. It is also interest that in typhoid fever there is no strong association with HIV infection, whereas in HIV infection there is an increased incidence of non-typhi Salmonella infection. Headache, pharyngitis and arthralgia may be present. Gastrointestinal symptoms are usually constipation, abdominal pain and tenderness. Other symptoms which may occur are diarrhea, the pea soup type containing inflammatory mononuclear cells. The biliary tree and liver is involved presenting cholecystitis and hepatitis. Splenomegaly may develop. 

Salmonella typhi contain antigen O (somatic) and antigen H (flagellar) which give rise to host antibodies. The antigens are lipopolysaccharides which are located in the outer membrane of Salmonella baciUi. Salmonella typhi is further identified by the additional presence of antigen Vi (capsular). A fourfold or over rise of antibody titers to O and H antigens. A 2-weeks apart in paired samples is indicative of typhoid fever. 

One of the worrisome issues in the treatment of typhoid fever is the emergence of Salmonella typhi strain resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin and chloramphinicol. There are also reports of resistance to fluoroquinolones and multidrug resistance. This threat places a high priority for prevention and control of typhoid fever by sanitary measures, especially safe water and sewage disposal, as well as the development of new drugs. 

Agent Index A340 Class Index C26 Typhoid Feve Salmonella typhi Type Bacteria Insidious onset of sustained fever, severe headache, malaise, loss of appetite, and usually constipation (although it may cause diarrhea). Individuals may become asymptomatic carriers capable of spreading the disease (e.g. Typhoid Mary). Routes Ingestion Secondary Hazards Fecal Vector (mechanical) Incubation 3 to 90 days Mortality Rate < 10% Reservoir Humans Direct Person-to-Person Transmission is possible (fecal/oral). 

Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Bacteria Unknown... 

Butler and colleagues demonstrated that azithromycin was effective in treating 86% of 43 bacteremic adults with typhoid fever and was as effective as chloramphenicol-treated patients (88% of 33 improved). All 83 Salmonella strains in this study were susceptible to azithromycin, and all bacteremias were cleared by day 8 of therapy in both treatment groups [259]. On the other hand, Wallace et al. reported treating four adults with typhoid fever with azithromycin [3]. All patients were bacterentic with Salmonella typhi, and three of four failed therapy. It was postulated that low azithromycin serum levels might be inadequate to treat bacteremic patients with typhoid fever. Additional studies are needed before a recommendation can be made for azithromycin as first-line therapy in typhoid fever. 

Like E. coli, Salmonella spp. is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family often isolated from humans and food products. The various types of Salmonella spp are known pathogens. S. typhi causes typhoid fever while other species cause diarrhea or even septicemia. Its detection and identification therefore is important for food safety. Common food products that harbor Salmonella spp include eggs or poultry products that have not been properly processed or cooked. 

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. In the United Slates about 400 ca.ses occur each year, and 70% of these are acquired while traveling internationally. Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 12.5 million persons each year. 

Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons, called carriers, recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. Both ill persons and carriers shed S. Typhi in their feces (stool). 

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