Mononuclear cells, infiltration

All the jellyfish venoms are toxic but also stimulate the cell mediated and humoral immunological systems of man. After injection of large doses of jellyfish venom into human skin, a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration appears within the dermis. This infiltration is composed predominantly of helper inducer cells which produce suppressor activity. It appears that the NK enhancement of human leukocytes in patients envenomated by Chrysaora quinquecirrha is depressed when the clinical lesion is inflammatory (10). Recovery from this suppression follows the amelioration of the acute cutaneous reaction. In other instances, envenomated patients have abnormal macrophage migration tests (11). 

Liver Fever, lethargy, change in color or quantity of bile in patients w/ biliary T-tube, graft tenderness and swelling, back pain, anorexia, ileus, tachycardia, jaundice, ascites, encephalopathy Abnormal LFTs, increased bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases, biopsy positive for mononuclear cell infiltrate with evidence of tissue damage... 

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a rod-shaped Gram-negative facultative anaerobe and a prominent enteric bacterial pathogen capable of causing food- and water-related diseases. Several serovars of S. enterica are associated with human infection. The principle clinical diseases associated with Salmonella infection are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. S. enterica serovars Typhi S. Typhi) and Paratyphi (,S. Paratyphi) are pathogenically exclusive for humans and are known to cause typhoid or enteric fever (Ohl and Miller, 2001). Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by the development of fever, abdominal pain, enterocolitis, and occasionally, a maculopapular rash. The hallmark feature of typhoid fever is the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and hypertrophy of the intestinal Peyer s patches and mesenteric lymphoidal tissue (Kraus et al., 1999 Ohl and Miller, 2001). There are approximately 20 million cases of typhoid fever worldwide each year, and this acute and often life-threatening infection is responsible for over 200,000 deaths annually (Crump et al., 2004). 

Lymphohistiocytic Infiltrates The other hallmark of exposure that is common in rodents treated with PS ODNs are lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in numerous organs (Figure 24.3). These mononuclear cell infiltrates have been described in liver, kidney, salivary glands, pancreas, uterus, urinary bladder, as well as other tissues. These infiltrates will resolve after treatment is ceased, but the clearance of them is prolonged (reviewed in [43]). They have been described as perivascular in some tissues with mononuclear cells appearing to migrate from the vasculature. They are not a prominent feature in other species. 

Mononuclear cell infiltrates have been occasionally observed in the high-dose groups in monkey studies primarily at the site of subcutaneous injection, the severity and the incidence is much lower than in rodents. In rodents,... 

TSPK is a chronic epithelial keratitis of unknown etiology, suggested to be due to chronic subclinical viral infection in the deep layers of the basal epithelium. Support for this theory includes the protracted coruse of this condition, its tendency to recur, the lack of effect by antibiotics on its clinical course, and lack of bacterial isolation from eyes affected by the condition. The clinical presentation of corneal mononuclear cell infiltrates, the rapid resolution of these infiltrates with topical steroids, and their rapid reappearance if topical steroids are stopped too quickly support the possibility that the primary presentation is a typical immunologic response. 

A 17-year-old girl took 25 tablets of bismuth subcitrate 300 mg (total 7.5 g) in a suicide attempt and developed severe renal insufficiency (34). Renal biopsy showed evidence of acute tubular necrosis, with epithelial flattening, lumen widening, and atrophic changes in the convoluted tubules and mononuclear cell infiltration and edema in the interstitium. She was managed with hemodialysis and recovered. 

Histopathological examination typically shows epidermal changes, including spongiosis with or without intraepider-mal vesicles. In the dermis there is a perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate, which may also be interstitial, often containing eosinophils. 

In the Wistar rat model, the daily administration of 10 mg per kg body weight of AA induced, after 35 days, renal failure wifh interstitial fibrosis (Figure 2) as well as a papillary urothehal cardnoma of the pelvis in some animals [63,64]. Nephrotoxidty of different components of AA was also studied in three strains of inbred male mice. The C3H/He mice intraperitoneaUy injected with 2.5 mg/Kg of AA, five days a week, for 2 weeks, developed on day 14 foci of proximal tubule injury surrounded by mononuclear cell infiltration. Two weeks later, signs of proximal tubule cell prohf-eration were observed whereas the inflammatory ceUs infiltration became more severe and interstitial fibrosis occurred [65]. In this mice model, AAI exhibited a higher nephrotoxidty than AAII [65], which was also confirmed in in vitro studies on proximal tubular LLC-PKl ceUs line [66]. 

The nasal administration of Aft in PDAPP mice has also been described (120). Weekly administration of A/S40 (25 /ig), beginning at age 5 months and continuing until age 12 months, was associated with a 60% reduction in plaque burden in the hippocampus, decreased neuritic dystrophy, and a reduced level of microglial and astrocytic activation. The presence of anti-A/3 antibodies was demonstrated in the serum of immunized mice, and a slight mononuclear cell infiltration in brain tissue was characterized by cytokine expression. 

Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the insuhn-secreting cells of pancreatic p-cells. In the vast majority of patients, the destruction is mediated by T cells. This is termed type lA or immune-mediated diabetes (Box 25-2). The a-, 8-, and other islet cells are preserved. The islet cells have a chronic mononuclear cell infiltrate, called insulitis. The autoimmune process leading to type 1 diabetes begins months or years before the clinical presentation, and an 80% to 90% reduction in the volume of the j3-cells is required to induce symptomatic type 1 diabetes. The rate of islet cell destruction is variable and is usually more rapid in children than in adults. 

An upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the surface of endothelial cells is generally attributed to the activity of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-1, IL-4, and IFN-y.43-83-86 All of these cytokines are readily identifiable in the CNS lesions of MS,87-90 particularly in close proximity to blood vessel walls.82-91 In EAE, disease activity is exacerbated by TNF-a,92-93 antagonised by specific neutralising antibodies,94 and injection of TNF-a into rat spinal cord induces mononuclear cell infiltrates.95 However, several of the cytokines identified in MS lesions are also present in the CNS of normal and noninflammatory disease controls91 and therefore caution must be applied in interpreting cytokine expression and localisation to a particular phase of demyelination. 

Rats receiving sodium metavanadate in the drinking water for 3 months had mononuclear cell infiltration, mostly perivascular, in the lungs (Domingo et al. 1985). 

Rotaviruses are double-stranded wheel-shaped RNA viruses. These strains cause diarrhea by infecting the enterocyts of the villi in the small intestine. Changes to the villi include shortening of villus height, crypt hyperplasia, and mononuclear cell infiltration of the lamina propria. Diarrhea results from decreased absorption across intestinal mucosal surface. ... 

RPV Leporipoxvirus (rabbit pox) Removal of vCCI gene results in increased mononuclear cell infiltration into infected tissues and reduced virus burden... 

Greenson JK, Beschorner WE, Boitnott JK, et al. Prominent mononuclear cell infiltrate is characteristic of herpes esophagitis. Hum Pathol. 1991 22 541-549. 

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