Safety, environmental tests

Specific needs to address these issues include low-cost technologies to enhance ash/slag quality (i.e., beneficiation) recovery of high-value trace metals from ash/slag new market applications for ash/slag and sulfur and new environmental test methods for each market application to ensure public safety. 

This section is devoted to the definition and comparison of the three nonrodent animal models (dog, ferret, and monkey) in terms of experimental procedures, environmental and dietary requirements, as well as advantages and disadvantages of use in safety assessment testing. 

Over time, a large number of traditional laboratory instruments have been morphed to meet industrial needs for QC applications. Example applications include raw material, product QC and also some environmental testing. In such scenarios laboratory instruments appear to work adequately. Having said that, there are issues the need for immediate feedback and the need for smaller, cheaper, and more portable measurements. There is a growing interest in the ability to make measurements in almost any area of a process, with the idea that better production control can lead to a better control of the process and of the quality of the final product. The cost of implementation of today s (2004) process analyzers is still too high, and it is impractical to implement more than a couple of instruments on a production line. Also, there is growing concern about the operating environment, worker safety, and environmental controls. 

The LT system was mobilized to the site after preparation of a detailed site specific Work Plan and Health and Safety Plan. An Air Permit was received from the Stanislaus County Air Resources Board. The soil was excavated from a 50 ft. by 50 ft. area. During treatment the treated soil was composited daily and analyzed using a Hanby Environmental Test Kit for petrolevim hydrocarbons. This simple test kit, which provides rapid soil analysis, was used as a means of process control. The processed soil operating temperature and retention time was optimized at 422°F and 22 minutes, respectively. The treated soil samples were collected and analyzed for TPH and BTEX s by an independent third party. The average of the 18 samples collected and analyzed using approved analytical techniques are provided on Table I. The treated soil exceeded the treatment criteria of 100 ppm total petrolevim hydrocarbons and 700 ppb toluene. 

Most cases involving safety, environmental, and health problems are highly technical. Such cases often require the services of an expert witness to explain the issues involved. Unhke the witness to fact, the expert witness has no first-hand knowledge of the facts of the case. His knowledge is hm-ited to postevent information sources, such as the depositions, reports of other experts, laboratory tests, and site inspections. The expert is being asked to offer his or her opinion, and to interpret a complex set of events so that the court can make a well-informed decision. (Not all experts testify. A nontestifying consultant will provide advice to the party by which he is retained. However, this type of consultant will neither be deposed, nor be asked to appear in court.)... 

Fire testing is discussed in Chapter 8 with fire safety, environmental issues and legislation covered... 

Standard cell qualification tests include functional checkout (operational electrical test, life cycle tests), environmental tests (i.e. vibration, thermal shocks, thermal vacuum, radiation) or others as deemed appropriate for the specific hardware and application such as abuse and safety testing. Recommended test items of the component cell qualification for space vehicles are specified in ISO WD17546 ... 

Cylindrical 18650-type C/LiCoOj batteries have been exposed to a variety of safety test regimes including UN, UL, lATA and military safety tests. These organizations, as well as the lEC, are currently developing standards for Li-ion cells and batteries that will address electrical testing, safety evaluation and transportation tests for Li-ion cells and batteries. The safety evaluation tests include electrical, mechanical and environmental tests. The results are summarized in Table 35.23. 

Of course, many of these toxicity and environmental questions can be answered by the colorant vendor who will supply MSDSs (material Safety Data Sheets) and other safety and test data. In those cases where sufficient information about a particular compound is not available, it may be necessary to search one or more of the toxicity databases for analogous structures which have been examined for their toxic effects and use this information as a basis for making a judgment about the suitability of the colorant in question. These databases which are easily computer searchable include Registry of the Toxic Effects... 

Environmental qualification safety involves ensuring that the correct environmental qualification tests related to safety are performed and successfully passed for system HW items. For example, electrical equipment that must operate in an explosive fuel environment must undergo explosive atmosphere testing to ensure it cannot cause accidental ignition of a fuel-rich compartment. System safety is responsible for ensuring the appropriate environmental tests are properly performed, passed, and documented for safety coverage. Environmental qualification testing safety concerns and hazards include ... 

During take-off and landing, the wheels of modem aircraft are subject to great stress. New high-performance brake systems and aggressive environmental influences push the wheels closer and closer to their limit. These conditions as well as increased requirements for safety and quality control now necessitate that wheels are tested much more comprehensively than in the past. 

The accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) plant in Pennsylvania in 1979 led to many safety and environmental improvements (4—6). No harm from radiation resulted to TMI workers, to the pubHc, or to the environment (7,8), although the accident caused the loss of a 2 x 10 investment. The accident at the Chernobyl plant in the Ukraine in 1986, on the other hand, caused the deaths of 31 workers from high doses of radiation, increased the chance of cancer later in life for thousands of people, and led to radioactive contamination of large areas. This latter accident was unique to Soviet-sponsored nuclear power. The Soviet-designed Chemobyl-type reactors did not have the intrinsic protection against a mnaway power excursion that is requited in the test of the world, not was there a containment building (9—11). 

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