Safety Element Method

Alteren, B. and Hovden, J. (1997). The Safety Element Method - A User Developed Tool for Improvement of Safety Management, Safety Science Monitor, (1),3 at www.ipso.asn.au. See also Safety Science (1999), 31, 231-64. 

The Safety-Element Method (SEM) is a rating system used internally in a company by a review team (Alteren, 1999). The method employs a matrix with six SHE management elements and five stages or levels of performance, Table 19.3. 

A number of interesting questions arise when we compare rating systems based on third-party verification such as ISRS with the Safety Element Method. In each of the two cases, a different set of motivational factors at the management level applies ... 

Alteren, B., 1999. Implementation and evaluation of the Safety Element Method at four mining sites. Safety Science, 31 231-264. 

Table 1. The elements included into some safety analysis methods. 

The soil side slope, this paper uses the finite element method of strength subtraction for itself which is in the traditional sense of the safety coefficient of stability coefficient, until plastic zone linking. At this time the reduction factor is the required stability coefficient. The coefficient is very close to the result calculated by the Bishop method, which shows the feasibility in engineering application. 

Konig, G. Hosser, D. 1982. The simplified level 11 method and its implication on the derivation of safety elements for level 1, In CEB Bulletin 147. 

An instaiiation that meets the requirements of the lET Wiring Regulations Requirements for Eiectricai instaiiations wiii be so protected. The method most universaiiy used in the United Kingdom to provide for the safe use of electrical energy is Basic Protection and Fauit Protection, as described in Chapter 41 of the iET Reguiations. So, iet us iook at these essentiai safety elements. 

To satisfy the above requirements, a computer code system named JACS has been developed in Japan, in. which neutron transport calculations are performed with the Monte Carlo code KENO-IV (Ref. 1) and a modified KENO-IV code MULTI-KENO, S, codes ANISN-JR (Ref. 2) and DOT3.5 (Ref. 3), or the diffusion code FEDM (Ref. 4X with the finite element method. The Monte Carlo code is a powerful tool for criticality safety evaluation. For the Monte Carlo calculation, the KENO code was selected, for which the Hansen-Roach library is often used, and a simple PI approximation was applied to scattering. The number of energy groups in the Hansen-Roach library, e.g., 16, is too small to satisfy requirement 1 above, and is especially inadequate for calculation of thermal neutron behavior. A simple P.l approximation used in KENO-IV is also inadequate to satisfy requirement 3 above. Taking this into consideration, the cross-section library and treatment of scattering of KENO-IV were improved. 

Basic reliability theory maintainability switching and control elements methods of estimating failure probability and implications for safety. 

Fig. 4.2 (a) The reactor vessel of a 4-loop PWR system (safety factors computed using the finite-element method), (b) Diagram showing sections from which the PWR vessel may be fabricated when sections are either rolled plate or forged material shadedparts are common to both). (Courtesy of Marshall ) (From Bangash )... 

DER KlUREGHIAN, A., Finite Element Methods in Structural Safety Studies, Structural Safety Studies, ed. J.T.-P. Yao et al., (NY ASCE), 1985. 

A. Der Kiureghian, "Finite Element Methods in Structural Safety Studies," in Proceedings, ASCE Symposium on Structural Safety Studies, pp. 40-52, Denver, CO, April-May, 1985. 

K. Handa and K. Anderson, "Application of Finite Element Methods in the Statistical Analysis of Structures," in Proceedings, Third International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, pp. 409-417, Trondheim, Norway, June 1981. 

T. Hisada and S. Nakagiri Role of the Stochastic Finite Element Method in Structural Safety and Reliability, in Proceedings Fourth International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, Kobe, Japan, May 1985. 

Early predictions of corrosion rates and estimates of adequate CP have traditionally been based on case studies and sample exposure tests. Applying these techniques to real structures usually involve extrapolations, use of large safety factors and ongoing corrections and maintenance of the system. In the late 1960s the finite element method was applied to the problem by discretization of the electrolytically conductive environment into a mesh and solving numerically with Laplace equations to define the intersection points, or nodes of this mesh [17]. 

When using the Finite Element Method to check the Ultimate Limit State, the reduction factor on the shear strength parameters to introduce failure is often considered as the factor of safety. This factor does not necessarily have to be the same as defined with analytical methods since the uncertainty linked to the method/model used is different. Normally the partial safety factors as required in the Eurocode 7 approach are the required values. 

Such a failure analysis using Finite Element Methods requires some further attention since, according to the applicable Standards, different load factors apply for permanent and live loads respectively. Reference can be made to Potts and Zdravkovic (1999) for how to use partial safety factors with FEM. 

The Finite Element Method is essentially a method in which the stress-strain behaviour of soil is respected and, in the first instance, deformations are calculated. The Factor of Safety is normally defined by performing a c-reduction the shear strength of the soil defined by tan (p) and c is gradually decreased until failure occurs in the model. Failure is reached when the deformations become very large under a very small further reduction of the shear strength. 

Grigoriu M (2006) Evaluation of Karhunen-Loeve, spectral and sampling representations for stochastic processes. J Eng Mech 132 179-189 Hisada T, Nakagiii S (1981) Stochastic finite element method developed for structural safety and reliability. In Proceedings of third international conference on structural safety and reliability, Trondheim, pp 395 8... 

The earliest method for manufacturiag carbon disulfide involved synthesis from the elements by reaction of sulfur and carbon as hardwood charcoal in externally heated retorts. Safety concerns, short Hves of the retorts, and low production capacities led to the development of an electric furnace process, also based on reaction of sulfur and charcoal. The commercial use of hydrocarbons as the source of carbon was developed in the 1950s, and it was still the predominate process worldwide in 1991. That route, using methane and sulfur as the feedstock, provides high capacity in an economical, continuous unit. Retort and electric furnace processes are stiU used in locations where methane is unavailable or where small plants are economically viable, for example in certain parts of Africa, China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, South America, and the Middle East. Other technologies for synthesis of carbon disulfide have been advocated, but none has reached commercial significance. 

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