Safety coefficients

K Stress value N mm S Safety coefficient Kr Form factor 

Otherwise, the safety coefficients are not selected only on the basis of stress load type, form and processing conditions, but also depend on the plastic material itself. A notch-sensitive plastic that is hard and brittle requires higher safety coefficients than one that is hard and tenacious. Within this framework, the semicrystalline thermoplastics generally show a more favorable behavior than the amorphous ones. 

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In order to achieve the complete separation of a binary mixture, we must adjust the value of 7 so that it fulfills eight inequalities [27]. These relationships can be reduced to four because the more strongly adsorbed component is the critical one in columns I and III while it is the less adsorbed component which is the critical component in columns II and IV. So, if the condition is fulfilled for the more strongly adsorbed component in columns I and III, it wfll also be fulfilled for the other compound in these columns while, conversely, if the condition is fulfilled for the less strongly adsorbed component in columns II and IV, it will also be fulfilled for the more strongly adsorbed component in these columns. If we assume [27] that the four critical flow constraints are all satisfied with the same safety coefficient, we obtain the following set of equations... 

The soil side slope, this paper uses the finite element method of strength subtraction for itself which is in the traditional sense of the safety coefficient of stability coefficient, until plastic zone linking. At this time the reduction factor is the required stability coefficient. The coefficient is very close to the result calculated by the Bishop method, which shows the feasibility in engineering application. 

Based on the above theoretical analysis and measured data and Turbulence Flow Law, we estimate the seepage speed of bedrock and weathered strata as follows by considering safety coefficient (to take 1 to 5), see Table 3 and Table 4. 

It is useliil to multiply the estimation by a safety coefficient (i.e., 5). If extrapolation techniques are adopted, it is possible to estimate the error by calculating the difference between the predictions obtained with the Bulirsch-Stoer algorithm (or Neville, alias the Romberg method) using different support points, and hence different T... 

Insert a safety coefficient a < 1 to prevent the possible multiple repetition of the step reduction at the same point If such a coefficient is too small, the problem of increasing the number of good steps arises. Thus, the most frequent values are 0.7 < a < 0.8. 

Certain safety coefficients must be used to calculate the maximum h ew The previous relations become... 

The safety level expressed by these codes is adequate only up to the pressure hazard potential, usually expressed as the product of pressure and volume. Eor a given material, the wall thickness may be taken as an indication for the safety level of a pressure vessel, every parameter determining this wall thickness (for a given design pressure) depends on the type of vessel material. These parameters have been established on the basis of experience for the most common structural materials and are defined in the codes. Eor example. Table 20.12 shows safety coefficients for some ductile metals—the interpretation of these data yields some valuable safety principles ... 

The better the ductility of the material, the lower the safety coefficient to be applied for example, plastification before fracture can give significant energy absorption before rupture of the vessel... 

Table 13 below presents a summary of safety coefficients recommended for the different stress loads. The permissible stress load is calculated - taking stress concentration data into account - as follows ... 

The mechanical strength of draglines as a lifeline for spiders may be related to the spider s weight, but no studies have yet been reported regarding the relationship. Thus, the safety coefficient for the lifeline should be considered for the... 

The safety coefficient should be based on scientific law from the mechanical... 

Fig. 4.53 Spider s weight (W) dependence of safety coefficient (5C) for the draglines secreted from N. clavata spiders. The SC is defined as the ratio of the elastic limit strength of the dragline to the spider s weight. The standard error in the observed values of elastic limit strength and cross section area was 5%.

A drastic change in the safety coefficient from 3 to 2 was observed at about 50 mg of N. clavata spiders in summer when divergence of sex and rapid increase in the female spider s weight after the final ecdysis occurred. The spider s weight of about 50 mg corresponds to the weight at the stage when spiders grow from immature to mature in summer. 

It was found that the safety coefficient of about 3 is based on relatively thick draglines for young or immature spiders while the safety coefficient of about 2 is most efficient for mature spiders from the viewpoint of energy consumption and safety. 

The safety coefficient represents the factor by which it is necessary to reduce the shear resistance along the sliding surface in order to satisfy the equilibrium conditions of the mass under examination. A value of 1.3 can be assumed. 

For purely rotational rupture mechanisms the safety coefficient coincides with the ratio between the stabilizing moment of the shear forces along the sliding surface and the moment of the external forces. 

Table 4.19 Partial safety coefficient, y m,4, for fatigue strength.

As its name suggests, it allows an additional partial safety coefficient to be introduced into a particular design expression without having to modily the existing set of yf or y , partial safety coefficients. The purpose is to cater for ... 

Through the calculation of different time intervals, we judge the effect of time interval on dynamic stability safety coefficient. In the calculation, the time interval is 0.00125 s, 0.01 s and 0.02 s to calculate. The displacement of the 4th monitoring point under different time interval is as shown in Table 3, and the representative displacement curve are as shown in Figures 12-14. 

Despite the change of time interval amplitude is big, the change of dynamic stability safety coefficient is very small. Considering the relation of strength reduction ratio with displacement (Fig. 15), the result is as shown in Table 4. This shows that the seismic slope isn t sensitive to the time interval. The relationship curves on strength reduction ratio with... 

The slope dynamic stability safety coefficient is not sensitive to the time interval s selection. 

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