Reduction factors

To analyse ELDOR responses, the reduction of the observed EPR transition at is expressed quantitatively in temis of the ELDOR reduction factor... 

The table which follows gives the values of k (buoyancy reduction factor), which is the correction necessary because of the buoyant effect of the air upon the object weighed the table is computed for air with the density of 0.0012 m is the weight in grams of the object when weighed in air weight of object reduced to in vacuo = m + m/1000. 

Density of object weighed Buoyancy reduction factor, k ... 

Fanning friction factor non dimensional stress-range reduction factor... 

Figure 22.14 Reduction factor as a function of reflection factor K and thickness of crushed rock (gravel) h ...

Example 2.21 A rod of plastic is subjected to a steady axial pull of 50 N and superimposed on this is an alternating axial load of 100 N. If the fatigue limit for the material is 13 MN/m and the creep rupture strength at the equivalent time is 40 MN/m, estimate a suitable diameter for the rod. Thermal effects may be ignored and a fatigue strength reduction factor of 1.5 with a safety factor of 2.5 should be used. 

So applying the fatigue strength reduction factor and the factor of safety... 

Risk Reduction Factors Coutrol/ rator responses. Alarms, Control system response. Manual anti automatic ESD, Fire/gas detection system Sa/ety System Responses Relief valves. Depressurization system. Isolation systems, High reliability trips. Back-up systems... 

Odor reduction factor The efficiency of odor reduction by a medium capable of removing odors. 

Permeation efficiency Reduction factor for latent heat exchange through clothing. 

Qualitatively, a reduction in pKa for each successive stage of ionization is to be expected since the proton must separate from an anion of increasingly negative charge, though the approximately constant reduction factor of 10 is more difficult to rationalize quantitatively. 

Performance of the average commercial room air-conditioner at BS.2852, condition C, will he some 10-15% lower than at condition A, since it will evaporate some 5 K lower. This reduction factor should he applied to any unqualified unit rating if used under UK amhient conditions. 

Fig. 8. Calculated solid echo 2H NMR powder spectra for jumps between two sites related by the tetrahedral angle for ij =0, i.e. true absorption spectrum and Tj = 200 ps. xc is the correlation time of motion. R is the reduction factor, giving the total normalized intensity of the spectra for x, = 200 ps. (For x, = 0 all the spectra have total intensity 1)...

Combining these equations and integrating yield Cf = CioX for a volume reduction factor X = Q/Qo and the observed component passage Si. This allows one to determine either final concentrations from crossflow rates or the reverse. For a fully retained product (Sj= 0), a 10-fold volume reduction (X = 10) produces a 10-fold more concentrated product. However, if the product is only partially retained, the volume reduction does not proportionately increase the final concentration due to losses through the membrane. 

Batch or Fed-Batch Operation This mode of operation is typical of biologicals and juice processing where high solicfs and low fluxes require multiple passes, and batch operation is characteristic of the manufacturing process. Formulas in Table 20-19 can be used to calculate the required volume reduction factor X, diafiltration volumes... 

---