Safety elements

Joint OSHA/EPA investigations of past accidents in tolling operations include recommendations that emphasize the importance of communication between the toller and the client. The primary ways recommended to prevent recurrence of similar events focus on a joint understanding of the basic tenets of process safety elements. 

Consider other process safety elements that may be called for by the toll... 

Other Process Safety Elements That May Affect Startup... 

Equipment used to process, store, or handle highly hazardous chemicals must be designed constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of release. A systematic, scheduled, test and maintenance program is preferred over "breakdown" maintenance " that could compromise safety. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include 1) identification and categorization of equipment and instrumentation, 2) documentation of manufacturer data on mean time to failure, 3 ) test and inspection frequencies, 4) maintenance procedures, 5) training of maintenance personnel, 6) test criteria, and 7) documentation of test and inspection results. 

Rupture Disc or Safety Head Pressure Safety Element ... 

There are numerous other CCPS publications that may be helpful in your integration effort. In particular, the selection of measures to monitor the effectiveness of your integration effort and identify continuous improvement opportunities can be enhanced through the use of the results of a CCPS research and development effort to develop performance measures for CCPS s 12 process safety elements. These results will be described in the CCPS Guidelines for Developing Performance Measures for Continuous Improvement of Process Safety Management (scheduled for publication in... 

The white industry of refrigerators, freezers, microwave ovens, stoves, etc. requires safety elements that detect the status (open/closed) of the appliance doors. 

Absolute safety (or zero risk) does not exist for several reasons first, it is possible that several protection measures or safety elements can fail simultaneously second, the human factor is a source of error and a person can misjudge a situation or have a wrong perception of indices, or may even make an error due to a moment s inattention. 

Twelve process safety elements have been identified as important in the context of plant design, construction, start-up, operation, maintenance, modification, and decommissioning. This does not include personnel safety, transportation issues, chronic releases to the environment, or community response, which are separate and important issues. Process safety management must deal with each element. Even the best companies, with the best safety records, have room for improvement. 

Recommendation 8-8. The Department of Energy s research and development program should involve safety elements of the nuclear-chemical integrated system and aim to establish guidelines to arrest accident propagation from one part of the system to another. 

Full Listing of Potential Process Safety Metrics to Consider (Based on Risk Based Process Safety Elements)... 

Criteria for lagging metrics should be set below the level that describes catastrophic events. While it is important to capture those catastrophic incidents, it is equally, if not even more, valuable to define such metrics to capture less-severe incidents, including the failure of the process safety elements, which protect against or limit the consequences of a major incident (HSE, 2006). Lagging metrics that represent failures of a less-severe nature are valuable in identifying potential hazards before a catastrophic event occurs. Such information helps management understand issues at an early stage when they may be more easily addressed. 

Metrics should relate to the elements of the process safety system. Poorly selected metrics that do not specifically relate to the execution of process safety elements will not provide an accurate evaluation of process safety system performance. Occupational injury and illness reporting rates are sometimes used to judge overall safety performance, and this metric does track the incidence of employee injuries quite well. However, this rate does not reflect the effectiveness of the process safety system. Occupational safety is quite important to the health and well-being of employees, but the metrics involved in assessing the occupational safety performance are not appropriate for process safety system evaluation the detailed elements of a process safety program differ markedly fl-om an occupational safety program (as discussed in Chapter 3). 

The metrics of interest for the process safety professional will cover many, if not all, process safety elements. The inputs may come from a number of units across a plant site or from multiple plant sites around the world. Design and development of the reporting system needs to take into account all these factors. 

APPENDIX I LISTING OF POTENTIAL PROCESS SAFETY METRICS TO CONSIDER (BASED ON THE RISK BASED PROCESS SAFETY ELEMENTS)... 

Activated charcoal provides an additional safety element for dealing with sporadic discharges, e.g. accidental, into river-water of organic substances e.g. mineral oil, tempering oils. 

To avoid any contact with the dangerous chemical vinylchloride (cancerogenic) closed-reactor systems became standard and pumpable initiators for automatic dosing were preferred. These can be liquid or solvent-diluted initiators as well as emulsions in water or suspensions of solid initiators in water. The dilution is a safety element to enable proper handling in addition to the fact that most initiators need cooling to avoid decomposition (Table 3). 

Table 1-1 Simplistic classification for some basis of safety elements...

Avoid time-consuming fastening operations (e.g., screwing, soldering) and separate joining elements and safety elements (e.g., rivets, safety panes). 

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