Basic protection

Hard plating is noted for its excellent hardness, wear resistance, and low coefficient of friction. Decorative plating retains its brilliance because air exposure immediately forms a thin, invisible protective oxide film. The chromium is not appHed directiy to the surface of the base metal but rather over a nickel (see Nickel and nickel alloys) plate, which in turn is laid over a copper (qv) plate. Because the chromium plate is not free of cracks, pores, and similar imperfections, the intermediate nickel layer must provide the basic protection. Indeed, optimum performance is obtained when a controlled but high density (40—80 microcrack intersections per linear millimeter) of microcracks is achieved in the chromium lea ding to reduced local galvanic current density at the imperfections and increased cathode polarization. A duplex nickel layer containing small amounts of sulfur is generally used. In addition to... 

Special propulsion also requires relevant calculations and distribution of the anodes. For Kort nozzles, the total surface area of the mdder is determined and a basic protection current density of 25 mAm" imposed. The anodes are attached on the external surface at a spacing of 0.1 r to 0.25 r at the region of greatest diameter. Internally the anodes are fixed to the strengthening stmts. With Voith-Schneider propellers, the anodes are arranged around the edge of the base of the propeller. 

The scope of this book is to provide a practical knowledge and guidance in the understanding of prevention and mitigation principals and methodologies from the effects of hydrocarbon fires and explosions. The Chemical Process Industry (CPI), presents several different concerns that this book does not intend to address. However the basic protection features of the Hydrocarbon Process Industry (HPI) are also applicable to the chemical process industry and other related process industries. 

Mercado, S. 1975. Cerro Prieto geothermoelectric project Pollution and basic protection. In Proceedings Second United Nations Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Francisco, 20-29 May 1975, 1394-1398. 

It has a special enzyme, urease, which converts urea to ammonia. The ammonia neutralizes the acid in the vicinity of the bacteria which lives in that basic protective cloud. 

For intrinsically safe circuits, a basic protection measure is a safe isolation from all other non-intrinsically safe circuits. With the exception of safety barriers a safe galvanic isolation is required. As a rule, this is guaranteed by observance of geometrical distances. It is differentiated between ... 

The daily allowance for basic protection is paid out as a base amount, irrespective of previous earnings. The amount is fixed by the government and is currently set at SEK 320 per day. 

The second section provides basic protection against the passing off of goods as patented or as the product of a patent holder. 35 U.S.C. 292 imposes a maximum 500 fine for every use of the name or imitation of the name of the patentee, use of the patent number, and use of the words patent or patentee or the like, if such act was intended to imitate the mark of a patentee or to deceive the public by inducing them to believe that the thing was made or sold by or with consent of the patentee, or if the act was committed with the intent of leading others to believe falsely that an item was patented. The statute allows private parties to sue for and recover one half of the penalty. Thus,... 

For those of us whose principle concern is our own or our children s health—but who are not and don t wish to be experts on nutrition— buying organic food is the easiest option. The organic standard, which requires a certification symbol or number on all organic produce, offers a genuine safety net, a basic protection against the worst of industrial food production. 

In the case of the presence or use of carcinogens or mutagens of category 1 or 2, the following basic protection measures have to be taken by the employer, regardless of the level of exposure ... 

The casualties of non-professional rescue workers (coal miners) accounted for more than fifty percent of the total casualties of the secondary accidents (Table 2). The coal miners lacked of awareness of self-protection and had no knowledge of basic methods to handle disasters and rescue, so they obeyed the emergency rescue command of the coal mine managers blindly. Consequently thirty-three people were dead and twenty-five were hurt which together accounted for sixty-seven percent of all the casualties of them in secondary accidents. Three accidents were caused by coal miners who were desperate to save lives without identifying the reasons and basic protection measures. In addition, two accidents were caused by inappropriate measures during the rescue process which resulted in roof caving. 

Anticorrosive coatings are generally classified according to the mechanisms by which they protect a metal against corrosion. The three basic protective mechanisms of anticorrosive coatings are as follows ... 

Basic insulation. Insulation to provide basic protection (one level) against electrical shock. 

Safety (security) of operation is surely the most important element in the operation of lines of all voltage levels and types. Safety of operation is always ensured according to a relevant Czech standard (CSN) and has several degrees. In the case of lines of 22 kV voltage level which prevail in the area of North Moravia region (in the Czech republic) the outdoor version has position as basic protection and the cable version is protected by insulation. 

In using a tray for a sterile medical device, in order to perform the most basic protection function, the tray must be sealed to prevent loss of sterility. This is accomplished by using a lidding material that is sealed around the flange area of the tray. Until the advent of Tyvek into the market, it was difficult to provide lidding material that would provide a means for terminal sterilization using the common sterilization methods of the day. However, Tyvek has allowed widespread use of thermoform trays for many applications. 

An instaiiation that meets the requirements of the lET Wiring Regulations Requirements for Eiectricai instaiiations wiii be so protected. The method most universaiiy used in the United Kingdom to provide for the safe use of electrical energy is Basic Protection and Fauit Protection, as described in Chapter 41 of the iET Reguiations. So, iet us iook at these essentiai safety elements. 

Protection against electric shock, both basic protection and fault protection , is provided by insulating and placing live parts out of reach in suitable enclosures, earthing and bonding metalwork and providing fuses or circuit-breakers so that the supply is automatically disconnected under fault conditions. 

Basic protection is protection against electric shock under fault-free conditions and is provided by insulating live parts in accordance with section 416 of the lET Regulations,... 

Protection from electric shock is provided by basic protection and fault protection. Protective bonding is bonding for the purpose of safety. 

Two types of contact will result in a person receiving an electric shock. Direct contact with live parts involves touching a terminal or line conductor that is actually live. The regulations call this basic protection, indirect contact results from contact with an exposed conductive part such as the metal structure of a piece of equipment that has become iive as a resuit of a fauit. The regulations call this fault protection. 

In installations operating at normal mains voltage, the primary method of protection against direct contact is by insulation. All live parts are enclosed In insulating material such as rubber or plastic, which prevents contact with those parts. The insulating material must, of course, be suitable for the circumstances in which they will be used and the stresses to which they will be subjected. The lET Regulations call this basic protection (lET Regulation 131.2.1). 

Other methods of basic protection include the provision of barriers or enclosures which can only be opened by the use of a tool, or when the supply is first disconnected. Protection can also be provided by fixed obstacles such as a guardrail around an open switchboard or by placing live parts out of reach as with overhead lines. 

The regulations recognize RCDs as additional protection in the event of failure of the provision for basic protection, fault protection or carelessness by the users of the installation (lET Regulation 415.1.1). 

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