Routine operating data

If the data obtained are routine operating data, then the process model, Gp, can only be identified if the controller transfer function has a higher order than the process and the effect of an incorrect model on the controller transfer function is larger than on the disturbance model or if there is significant nonlinearity in the controller and the error caused by an incorrect controller model is larger than the disturbance error. 

If it is assumed that a prediction error model is being fit, then general conditions for identifiability based on the orders of the polynomials can be obtained. A process is identifiable from routine operating data if (Shardt and Huang 2011)... 

Shardt YA, Huang B (2011) Closed-loop identification with routine operating data effect of time delay and sampling time. J Process Control 21 997-1010... 

Data should be collected by random sample selection for both calibration standards and, if possible, routine samples. Spectroscopic measurement should be performed under as identical conditions as possible between calibration conditions and routine operations. Data should not be collected in order of concentration or the mathematical calibration model might correlate to changes in an instrument that have no relationship to changes in the concentration of samples. 

The unscented Kalman filter, as its linear equivalent, is quite sensitive to the selection of the initial state covariance Pq as well as the noise covariance matrices Qj, As in the linear KF case, the autocovariance least-squares (ALS) technique (Rajamani and Rawlings 2009) can be utilized which employs autocovariances of routinely operating data for estimating the noise covariance matrices. 

An example of a spectrum with a chemical shift is that of the tin 3d peaks in Eig. 2.8. A thin layer of oxide on the metallic tin surface enables photoelectrons from both the underlying metal and the oxide to appear together. Resolution of the doublet 3 ds/2, 3 dii2 into the components from the metal (Sn ) and from the oxide Sn " is shown in Eig. 2.8 B. The shift in this instance is 1.6-1.7 eV. Curve resolution is an operation that can be performed routinely by data processing systems associated with photoelectron spectrometers. 

Expertise required to operate One of the objectives for using microprocessor-based predictive maintenance systems is to reduce the expertise required to acquire error-free, useful vibration and process data from a large population of machinery and systems within a plant. The system should not require user input to establish maximum amplitude, measurement bandwidths, filter settings, or allow free-form data input. All of these functions force the user to be a trained analyst and will increase both the cost and time required to routinely acquire data from plant equipment. Many of the microprocessors on the market provide easy, menu-driven measurement routes that lead the user through the process of acquiring accurate data. The ideal system should require a single key input to automatically acquire, analyze, alarm and store all pertinent data from plant equipment. This type of system would enable an unskilled user to quickly and accurately acquire all of the data required for predictive maintenance. 

To construct the reference model, the interpretation system required routine process data collected over a period of several months. Cross-validation was applied to detect and remove outliers. Only data corresponding to normal process operations (that is, when top-grade product is made) were used in the model development. As stated earlier, the system ultimately involved two analysis approaches, both reduced-order models that capture dominant directions of variability in the data. A PLS analysis using two loadings explained about 60% of the variance in the measurements. A subsequent PCA analysis on the residuals showed that five principal components explain 90% of the residual variability. 

QQ Start-up routine, calibration routine, data transfer/backup, data integrity, power failure, auto lock off, human-machine interface, security access/audit trail, system stress test in event of power failure, alarm tests, operator data entry tests... 

One practical example of the consequences of change control is that in the regime of system/instrument change control, hardware, software and operational aspects such as routine operation, maintenance and data integrity are locked down in fixed configurations. Any modification that has not been anticipated in the initial qualification requires testing and documentation. 

This experimental design has the big advantage that it can be easily accomplished. The operation mode of the NMR instrument from routine NMR data acquisition to the LC-NMR mode can be easily changed by removing the routine probe from the room-temperature bore of the cryomagnet and inserting... 

D was designed to give us additional data on exposure under routine operations (T] ) and to see if the use of protective clothing and special precautions (T2) could be employed to decrease exposure. 

From the viewpoint of polymer applications, the full exploitation of the combined resolution/sensitivity enhancement techniques to obtain "high-resolution" spectra of rare-spin nuclei in solids requires variable temperature spinning capability. In this paper, we describe briefly a spinner assembly suitable for routine operation over a wide range of temperature at the full complement of spinning angles and report - C spectral data at low temperature on several polymers, including fluoropolymers. In addition, variable temperature spin-lattice and rotating frame relaxation times are reported for isotactic poly(propylene). 

Nowadays any chemistry endeavor produces a massive amount of physical data. Measurements range from routine operations performed daily in synthetic laboratories to very sophisticated measurements with very expensive apparatuses. Only a very small part of the data is effectively used. Most individual data points are never published, and the published data are often provided in forms not suitable for automatic processing. 

Sample preparation for XRD is rapid and data is acquired by a computer which also controls the sample changer. A typical acquisition time would be a few hours. For routine operations, such as determining zeolite lattice parameters, it is also possible to process data automatically. Phase identification, aided by a JCPDS database search software, takes a few tens of minutes. 

Over the past two decades, spectrophotometers have become much smaller and lighter owing to the use of compact modern electronics and sturdy, but lightweight housings made of synthetic materials. The instruments are routinely operated by use of computers which also digitize the data and calculate rate constants. 

Peak purity software incorporating routines for data acquisition and reduction, extraction and comparison of spectra, and display of analytical results can be utilized in either an interactive or automated fashion. A desired sequence of operations can be recorded in a peak purity analysis method file and can run unattended after input parameters are selected. As the quality of the determination is highly dependent on the preanalysis data treatment, results should be inspected visually to verify that peaks are properly baseline-separated and correctly integrated. 

Automated Computer controlled usually through a personal computer or programmable logic controller. Less frequently by a central control computer or as part of a distributed control system Better repeatability Better process control Lower operating labor costs Data gathering automatic although some analytical instrumentation may remain off line Some to all routine operations may be automated... 

The assessment of the precision of a method before its introduction into routine use requires a measurement of its repeatability, but the reproducibility cannot be determined until the method has itself been in routine operation for a sufBcient period of time (see Section 2 for definitions). Most published descriptions of techniques provide data about their repeatability when referring to precision, but there are some published figures specifically for reproducibility (e.g.. Cl, S7, T2). Having decided that a method is sufficiently reliable (on the basis of the SD for repeatability) to be introduced into routine practice, the SD for its reproducibility should be obtained as soon as possible, for instance by calculating the SD for the results of analyses on control sera included in the first 20 batches of determinations this SD reflects the between-batch variation. Subsequent monitoring of the method should then be related to this first value for reproducibility, if it compares favorably with the SD for repeatability. 

The principle advantage to the direct reader was speed, and this was gained by buiid-ing data interpretation into the instrument, making it an example of "Muller Instrumentation." Photomultiplier tubes collected light at preselected spectral lines electronics did the rithmetic to determine how much light was collected at the various spectral lines and the writing involved in displaying this information on dials. Human interpretation was avoided, and the routine operation of the instrument was deskilled. 

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