Required variables

Variable-speed drives are essential for many industrial applications requiring variable operating parameters during the course of operation. Such variations can be in the flow of fluid and pressure of air or gas etc. The con-... 

Turboexpanders require variable flow control nozzles capable of withstanding the total pressure and acting as the flow control for the main gas stream through the plant. The variable nozzles are matched... 

In some cases, we do not want all the variables to be determinable only those that are required. Consequently, we must identify which of the measurable variables have to be measured. Let p be the set of variables that for various reasons should be known correctly p may be composed of measured and unmeasured variables. Sometimes we are not interested in the whole system being determinable, so we want to select which of the process variables have to be measured to have complete determinability of the variables in set p. This problem can be stated as follows Select the necessary measurements for the subset of required variables to be determinable. 

The example considered here is taken from Aggarwal and Floudas (1990) and consists of a three-component feed stream to be separated into two products, Pi and P2, which are also three-component streams. The data for this problem is shown in Table 9.2. Since the feed stream features three components, there are two separation breakpoints (i.e., A/BC and AB/C) and hence the superstructure has two columns. The nonsharp superstructure for this example is shown in Figure 9.5. Note that all streams are numbered so as to define the required variables which are... 

Fixed costs are modeled in a similar fashion. For each plant class a default model containing plant fixed costs and production line fixed costs is created. Site specific copies of this default plant are created and the default cost structure is updated based on the actual values observed at the individual sites. The plant model additionally contains the capacity of the plant and the number of employees required to operate a production line. Based on the capacity consumption factors contained in the product description and the number of operators required per capacity unit, variable personnel costs are allocated to the products. If required, variable costs associated with additional resources contained in the BOM are allocated to the products in identical fashion. 

In many solutions strong interactions may occur between like molecules to form polymeric species, or between unlike molecules to form new compounds or complexes. Such new species are formed in solution or are present in the pure substance and usually cannot be separated from the solution. Basically, thermodynamics is not concerned with detailed knowledge of the species present in a system indeed, it is sufficient as well as necessary to define the state of a system in terms of the mole numbers of the components and the two other required variables. We can make use of the expressions for the chemical potentials in terms of the components. In so doing all deviations from ideal behavior, whether the deviations are caused by the formation of new species or by the intermolecular forces operating between the molecules, are included in the excess chemical potentials. However, additional information concerning the formation of new species and the equilibrium constants involved may be obtained on the basis of certain assumptions when the experimental data are treated in terms of species. The fact that the data may be explained thermodynamically in terms of species is no proof of their existence. Extra-thermodynamic studies are required for the proof. 

From the viewpoint of polymer applications, the full exploitation of the combined resolution/sensitivity enhancement techniques to obtain "high-resolution" spectra of rare-spin nuclei in solids requires variable temperature spinning capability. In this paper, we describe briefly a spinner assembly suitable for routine operation over a wide range of temperature at the full complement of spinning angles and report - C spectral data at low temperature on several polymers, including fluoropolymers. In addition, variable temperature spin-lattice and rotating frame relaxation times are reported for isotactic poly(propylene). 

The gravimetric measurements, as well as all other conventional adsorption methods, rather than giving the total amount adsorbed, q, give just the amount in excess, q, with respect to that of bulk gas occupjdng the same volume as the adsorbed phase. However, to apply the adsorption potential theory the required variable is q and not ex- In this work, q was estimated from the measured q i value by assuming that the adsorbed-phase volume is equal to the total pore volume of the carbon, = 0.850 cm /g, determined from N2... 

The peak of the derivative indicates the inflection point of the signal. Based on the theory by Leuenberger (1979 and subsequent work), usable granulates can be obtained in the region that starts from the peak of the signal derivative with respect to time and extends well into the plateau area. Prior to the inflection point, a continuous binder solution addition may require variable quantities of liquid. After that point, the process is well defined and the amount of binder solution required to reach a desired end-point may be more or less constant. 

Since the model is user supplied, the pred block is used and only the NONMEM-required variables id (subject identifier), dv (the dependent variable or dichotomous endpoint), mdv (the missing dependent variable data item), and the explanatory variables of interest (the predictors, or independent variables) are required. An example NM-TRAN control stream for the base model (described below) estimating the probability of experiencing rash, prior to the inclusion of any potential covariate (predictor) effects, is shown in Appendix 24.1. In this case, the base model to be specified in NONMEM is described in the Eq. (24.1) and (24.2) ... 

The continuous renal replacement therapies frequently require variable additions of electrolytes. 

A common problem in supercritical extraction is as follows given the T, p, and /-free composition of the gas, calculate the mole fraction of / and mole fractions of all other components in the gas at equilibrium with pure sohd i. The solution is found from Equation (4.537), which gives the required y. But there is a snag y must be known to calculate ( ), to substitute into Equation (4.537). One makes an initial estimate of y and then calculates the y s of other components by normalization, calculates with an equation of state, and substitutes ( ) and all required variables into Equation (4.537) to calculate y,. One compares the calculated y, with the initial estimate and continues until suitable convergence. 

Secondary drug evaluation efforts require variable quantities of material depending on the potency of the agent under consideration. The challenges of an inadequate supply can adversely affect the preclinical and the subsequent clinical evaluation of an agent (e.g. taxol). For this reason we... 

Use a low cost, no sensor required, variable speed motor-controller topology design. 

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