Calibration routines

Some electronic equipment has self-calibration routines built in to the start-up sequence. This should be taken as an indication of serviceability and not of absolute calibration. The device should still be subject to independent calibration at a defined frequency. 

QQ Start-up routine, calibration routine, data transfer/backup, data integrity, power failure, auto lock off, human-machine interface, security access/audit trail, system stress test in event of power failure, alarm tests, operator data entry tests... 

Ensure that maintenance and calibration routines are in operation... 

If the acquired spectrum looks like the reference spectrum and all of the peaks expected pass the criteria above, the calibration is acceptable. If the instrument has never been calibrated before or the previous calibration file has been misplaced, a more detailed calibration routine must be used. This calibration procedure requires the location of known peaks, starting with the lowest mass ions. When a peak has been located, a digital-to-analog conversion value is assigned to the exact mass of the ion. 

After the last sample has been measured, terminate the calibrate measurement loop and examine the calibration data. Continue on to the oil calibration routine by accepting the moisture calibration data. 

Finally, the impact of possible calibration instability on the prediction quality must be understood. In this case, spectrograph and laser wavelength calibrations were very stable and easy to update, but of minor concern because of the broad bands being used. However, since the intensity calibration function is non-linear, any changes in it could unequally affect bands used in the calibration ratio and introduce error in the prediction. Newer equipment offers easy intensity calibration routines but this can be difficult to use automatically with immersion probes since it requires that they be removed from the process. 

Verify Sample Data and System Parameters, i.e., Check against Source Records to Ensure Accuracy of Data within the RDB Involves Checking of Data Loaded Manually or via Automated Upload from Legacy Systems Software Backups and Restoration of Data Training Records of Users Routine Maintenance/Calibration Routines Provision of Service Level Agreements (SLAs)... 

The AFM scanners are calibrated by imaging a grating of defined spacings (Fig. 2.28a). Closed loop systems require only an occasional check of the calibration of the capacitive sensors open loop scanners, however, require, in particular for the x, y calibration, a regular (monthly) check and calibration. For a typical AFM system, the deviation should not exceed 5% otherwise a calibration is needed. Based on the images acquired on the gratings, automated calibration routines correct altered x, y, and z sensitivities, scanner bow effect (Fig. 2.28b), etc. 

In both papers the stoichiometry of the predominating aqueous species, Pb(SeCN)g , was made probable from the approximate constancy of the equilibrium constants evaluated. However, the lack of ionic medium control in the experiments, which significantly influences the activities of appearing species, seriously affeets the validity of this conclusion. Furthermore, the calibration routine of the lead amalgam electrode is inadequate for measuring free Pb concentrations in concentrated solutions of SeCN . The formation eonstant of Pb(SeCN)g is comparatively small. From a statistical point of view it therefore appears very unlikely that this species would predominate over the whole concentration range of the ligand from 0.7 to 3.6 M. Hence, these data cannot be accepted by this review. 

There are several different types of instrument covered under the term DSC, which have evolved from differential thermal analysis (DTA) and measure the temperature difference between sample and reference pans located in the same furnace. This is then converted to heat flow using a calibration factor. A detailed analysis of DSC requires consideration of the various sources of heat loss, and these are generally captured in the calibration routine for the instrument. Absolute temperature calibration is achieved through the use of pure indium (156.6 °C) and tin (231.9 °C) melting-point standards. A comprehensive analysis of the theory of DSC contrasted with DTA may be found in several reference works (Richardson, 1989, Gallagher, 1997). 

IQ Proper installation of system Correct software version All parts are present and connected correctly Software virus check Integrity of hard disk Availability of source code, manuals OQ Start -up routine Calibration routine Data transfer/backup Data integrity Power failure Auto lock off Human-machine interface Security access/audit trail System Stress test in event of power failure Alarm tests... 

M, M, and the MWD. It can also provide complete control of GPC systems so that large numbers of samples can be run unattended and raw data can be automatically processed. Nowadays, the software used in GPC should be capable of providing special calculations for multidetection processing, special calibration routines, polymer branching, and intrinsic viscosity determination, etc. 

Figure 10.41. Execution of the zero-quantum dephasing calibration routine see text for discussions.

Measurement, seconds/minutes Evaluation, seconds using predetermined calibration routines. 

In conformity with all ellipsometers, a DOAP detects the change in polarization of an initially polarized laser beam (of well-defined and known polarization) after reflection from the surface of interest, by dividing the total signal into four polarization components. After an elaborate calibration routine [99], the optical constants of Ae sample were obtained from the Fresnel equations, provided that die angle of incidence and the refractive index of the ambient medium, e.g. air, were known. The whole instrument was originally designed to measure emittance and the optic parameters result as a by-product fi om this process, see e.g., [100] obtained with a / -DOAP. 

The objective is to provide to all medical equipment users with the understanding and knowledge necessary for the proper use of all patient care equipment, calibration, routines, instruments errors, safety procedures, and possible hazards. 

Most integrators perform area percent, height percent, internal standard, external standard, and normalization calculations. For nonlinear detectors, multiple standards can be injected, covering the peak area of interest, and software can perform a multilevel calibration. The operator then chooses an integrator calibration routine suitable for that particular detector output. 

The DMA Data Analyzer includes programs for calibration routines. 

Finally in this section, it is worthwhile to emphasize again that careful mass calibration is an essential feature of validation of any analytical method. Automated calibration routines are convenient and easy to use, but should be checked before use. 

Zero the spectrophotometer by placing deionized water or buffer in a cuvette and use the UV spectrophotometer s calibration routine. 

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