Rosin paper sizing

Meroxapoi 105 Meroxapoi 108 Meroxapoi 171 Meroxapoi 172 Meroxapoi 174 Meroxapoi 178 Meroxapoi 251 Meroxapoi 252 Meroxapoi 254 Meroxapoi 255 Meroxapoi 258 Meroxapoi 311 Meroxapoi 312 Meroxapoi 314 stabiiizer, rosin paper sizes Casein... 

These rosin-based sizes, whether paste, Hquid, or emulsions, can be used to size all grades of paper that are produced at acid pH. The latter include bleached or unbleached kraft Hnerboard and bag paper, bleached printing and writing grades, and cylinder board. In addition, polyaluminum compounds have been used in place of alum, most notably, polyaluminum chloride (48), which can reduce barium deposits where these have been a problem. The barium chloride by-product is more water-soluble than barium sulfate. Other polyaluminum compounds such as polyhydroxylated forms of alum and polyaluminum siHcosulfate have been evaluated as alum replacements. 

The carboxyl group reacts with metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts to form rosin soaps or salts (resinates). The soaps of alkah metals, such as sodium and potassium, are usehil in paper sizing and as emulsifiers in mbber polymerization. 

Internal Sizing. The most widely used internal sizes are alkyl ketene dimers (AKD), alkenylsuccinic anhydrides (ASA), and rosin-based sizes that are used with papermaker s alum (aluminum sulfate with 14 waters of hydration), polyaluminum chloride (PAG), or polyaluminum siUcosulfate (PAS) (61). The rosin-based sizes are used under acidic conditions. Since the mid 1980 s there has been a steady conversion from acid to alkaline paper production, resulting in static to declining demand for the rosin-based sizing systems. Rosin is a complex mixture of compounds and consists primarily of monocarboxyhc acids with alkylated hydrophenan threne stmctures (62). A main constituent of wood rosin, gum rosin and taH-oil rosin is abietic acid. 

Haxz-karboUdsung, /. (Paper) solution of rosin in carbolic acid, -keraselfe, /. rosin curd soap, rosin soap, -kiefer,/. pitch pine, -kitt, m. resinous cement, -kocher, m. (Paper) rosin boiler, -kohle, /. bituminous coal, -kdrper, m. resin(ous) substance, -lack, m. resin lake resin varnish, -leim, m. (Paper) rosin size, -leimung, /. (Paper) sizing with rosin, -leimverseifung, /. rosin-size cutting. ... 

Examples of the fatty acids are oleic (c -9-octadecenoic) and linoleic (c ,c -9,12-octadecadienoic) acid. The major constituent of rosin acids is abietic acid. Uses of tall oil are tall oil rosin (31%, for paper size, protective coatings, adhesives, inks, and rubber), tall oil fatty acids (30%, in protective coatings, soaps, and inks), tall oil pitch (30%, in fuel, binders, coatings, rubber modifiers, asphalt, sizing, inks, and hardboard impregnation), and distilled tall oil (9%, in soaps, coatings, flotation, and board impregnation). 

Rosin, a brittle solid, mp 80 °C, is obtained from the gum of trees and tree stumps as a residue after steam distillation of the turpentine. It is made of 90% resin acids and 10% neutral matter. Resin acids are tricyclic monocarboxylic acids of formula C20H30O2. The common isomer is 1-abietic acid. About 38% of rosin is used as paper size (its sodium salt), in synthetic rubber as an emulsifier in polymerization (13%), in adhesives (12%), coatings (8%), and inks (8%). 

The important point is that the cellulose in these alum/rosin sized papers is susceptible to acid hydrolysis, which results in a lowering of the degree of polymerisation and, eventually, to a serious reduction in the strength of fibres and to complete embrittlement of the paper. Some recent work in the writer s laboratory suggests that when alum/rosin papers are made, the hydroxonium ions which lead to the degradation are adsorbed independently of aluminium ionic species (4). 

The effect of acidity caused by alum-rosin size has been obviated by the substitution of sizing agents which are effective slightly on the alkaline side of neutrality. It has been established that papers of satisfactory permanence can be manufactured with such sizes. It is possible to use rosin as a size and to avoid the conjunction with alum by a number of processes. There are insufficient data on the aging characteristics of paper sized with the available modified rosin sizes to judge the effect on permanence. Possible reactions of the rosin, such as oxidation and formation of peroxides, must be considered. 

The paper industry uses large amounts of the sodium salt of rosin as paper size, which accounts for the greatest single use of rosin. The synthetic rubber industry is the second most important user of rosin. In making styrene-butadiene rubber, disproportionated rosin soaps are used alone or in combination with fatty acid soaps as emulsifiers in the polymerization process. Disproportionation decreases the number of double bonds in the abietic acid of the rosin, making a more stable material. 

Use Hot-melt and pressure-sensitive adhesives, mastics and sealants, varnishes, ester gum, soldering compounds, core oils, insulating compounds, soaps, paper sizing, printing inks, polyesters (formed by reaction of the conjugated acids of rosin with acrylic acid, followed by reaction with a glycol). 

The aspects relevant to the use of rosin as such, or one of the derivatives arising from its appropriate chemical modification as monomer or comonomer [12-14], have to do with the synthesis of a variety of materials based on polycondensations and polyaddition reactions of structures bearing such moieties as primary amines, maleimides, epoxies, alkenyls and, of course, carboxylic acids. These polymers find applications in paper sizing, adhesion and tack, emulsification, coatings, drug delivery and printing inks. 

Starch phosphate was combined with rosin and alum to increase the dry strength and ink retention characteristics of paper.1677 Starch phosphates have also been used as soil conditioners to increase water retention.1678 Starch phosphates improved the dispersion and dye reception of synthetic fibers,1667 and are used to stabilize water,1543 finger paints,1679 and white coating colors.1680 Phosphonoamidated starches are useful in paper sizing.1681 Biodegradable films were produced by combining starch phosphate with poly (vinyl alcohol).1682 Phosphonoacetyl starch added to polyacrylonitrile improved it affinity for dyes.1683... 

Rosins. Major uses of rosin in the United States in 1979 (the last year for which such statistics were published), which accounted for 277,000 tons, were as follows chemical intermediates plus rubber, 33% paper size, 33% resins plus ester gums, 25% coatings, 2% other, 6%. 

DryPexol . [Hercules] Rosins dry size for paper/paperboaid mfg. 

ParacolOi [Hercules] Paraffin (x micio-crystalline wax emulsion or wax-rosin emulsion sizing agent for pt per/paper-boardmfg. 

Pexite Wood Rosin. [Hercules] Refined natural resins thermoplastic acidic resin for paper sizes, soaps, emulsifiers, and greases, and for ntfg. of syn. resins for adhesives, paints, varnishes, food-pkg. and -processing. 

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