Rosin from pine wood

Acetone is used to extract fats, oils, waxes, and resins from natural products, to dewax lubricating oils, and to extract certain essential oils. The pharmaceutical industry uses acetone to extract B-vitamin complexes, alkaloids, antibiotics and enzymes. Methyl ethyl ketone is used to dewax lube oil. Methyl isobutyl ketone is used to dewax mineral oil, refine tall oil, and in extractive distillation and separation of isopropyl alcohol from ethyl and butyl alcohols. The extraction and purification of antibiotics and other pharmaceutical products utilize MIBK. Methyl isobutyl ketone is used in the extraction of rosin from pine wood and the extraction of heavy metal ion complexes from water solutions. 

Variations found in CTO composition result primarily from the species of wood pulped and the location and climate where the trees are grown. Pulping process variations further affect CTO composition. The best CTO is produced from pine wood. However, many U.S. mills mix hardwood with pine to reduce fiber costs, or mix hardwood black Hquor with pine black Hquor. This lowers the rosin content. The composition of CTO produced in the southeastern United States and of typical Canadian and Scandinavian CTOs are shown in Table 2. 

There are three kinds at present. One is called gum rosin, which is obtained as the residue of the distillation of turpentine oil from pine resin, which is collected from pine woods. The second is called "wood rosin", which is obtained by extraction from chips of old pine stamps using a solvent. The third is the "tall oil rosin", which is obtained from the digester waste in the manufacture of kraft pulp. Rosin is produced in large amounts in America, Russia and China. At present wood rosin is mostly produced, and the tall oil rosin will gradually increase, but the production of gum rosin is decreasing. The most popular use of rosin is as size in paper production. 

Ftiran. Furfuran oxole tetrole divinylene oxide. C4H,0 mol wt 68.07. C 70.57%, H 5.92%, O 23.50%. Occurs in oils obtained by the distillation of rosin contg pine wood. Prepd by decarboxylation of 2-furancarboxylic acid Wilson, Org. Syn. coll. vol. I (2nd ed., 1941), p 274. Has been prepd directly from furfural Over hot soda-lime Or by dropping furfural on a fused mixt of sodium and potassium hydroxides Hurd et ai.. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 2532 (1932). Toxicity data Henderson, J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 57, 394 (1936). Thermodynamic properties G. B. Guthrie, Jr. ei ai, J. Am Chem, Soc. 74, 4662 (1952). 

Production. Rosin is isolated from pine trees, principally from longleaf Pinuspalustris slash Pinus ellioti and lobloUy pine Pinus taeda. The products are known as gum, wood, or tall oil rosin, based on the method of isolation and the source. 

Wood is the raw material of the naval stores iadustry (77). Naval stores, so named because of their importance to the wooden ships of past centuries, consist of rosin (diterpene resin acids), turpentine (monoterpene hydrocarbons), and associated chemicals derived from pine (see Terpenoids). These were obtained by wounding the tree to yield pine gum, but the high labor costs have substantially reduced this production in the United States. Another source of rosin and turpentine is through extraction of old pine stumps, but this is a nonrenewable resource and this iadustry is in decline. The most important source of naval stores is spent sulfate pulpiag Hquors from kraft pulpiag of pine. In 1995, U.S. production of rosin from all sources was estimated at under 300,000 metric tons and of turpentine at 70,000 metric tons. Distillation of tall oil provides, in addition to rosin, nearly 128,000 metric tons of tall oil fatty acids annually (78). 

The resin acids found in rosins are generally of the abietic- and pimaric-type. Rosins of various pine species differ in their content of abietic vs. pimaric-type acids. Rosins from species exhibiting high abietic-type acid compositions are preferred for production of rosin derivatives. However, the differences in properties of rosins are often associated with their non-resin acid content instead of their chemical compositions. On the other hand, the compositions of rosins from different sources greatly differ [22]. Table 8 shows a typical distribution of resin acids in rosins obtained from gum, tall oil and wood sources. 

The tissues of wood, bark, and the leaves of trees contain a great variety of chemical substances of considerable scientific interest and some of practical value. Turpentine, pine oil, and rosin from the resins of pines are the most important commercial extractives from American woods. 

Derivation From pine trees, chiefly Pinus palustris and Pinus caribaea. (1) Gum rosin is the residue obtained after the distillation of turpentine oil from the oleoresin tapped from living trees. (2) Wood rosin is obtained by extracting pine stumps with naphtha and distilling off the volatile fraction. (3) Tail-oil rosin is a by-product of the fractionation of tall oil. 

For historical reasons, pine resin was known as Naval Stores , because of its use in the waterproofing of wooden ships. Depending on the way pine resin is isolated from wood, three products are distinguished, namely (i) gum naval stores, obtained by tapping living trees (ii) sulphate naval stores, also known as tall oil rosin, recovered during the kraft pulping of pine wood and (iii) wood naval stores, also known as wood rosin, obtained from the solvent extraction of harvested wood. 

Gum rosin (1712) n. Rosin which is produced from the gum turpentine obtained by tapping living pine trees, as distinguished from the wood rosin obtained from the stump and branches of dead trees. 

Tall oil tal, oi(9)l [part trans. of Gr Talldl, part trans. Swedish tallolja, fr. tall pine + olja oil] n. A generic name for a number of products from the manufacture of wood pulp by the alkah process sulfate or kraft process. To provide some distinction between the various products, designations are often applied in accordance with the process or composition, some of which are cmde tall oil, acid refined tall oil, distilled tall oil, tall oil fatty acids, and tall oil rosin. The following designations for tall oil shall be considered obsolete crude resinous hquid, finn oil, liquid resin, liquid rosin, resin oil, sulfate pitch, sulfate resin, sulfate rosin, Swedish pine oil, Swedish resin, Swedish rosin, Swedish rosin oil, Sylvie oil, talloel, tallol, Swedish oil, fluid resin, and Swedish olein. 

Wood rosin Rosin obtained from pine stumps. 

Unmodified Soldering fluxes, paper, depilatory waxes, cosmetics, dancers and string players rosin, wood and gum from pine trees... 

Solvent drying of conifer woods with water-miscible solvents such as acetone, however, remains economically unfavorable because of solvent losses and energy requirements. A limited quantity of perfumery-grade pine needle oil can be obtained from a few Pinus species, but the needle oils from most species too closely resemble turpentines to command the premium prices that would justify the production costs. Although the rosins that could be derived from needles of many pines are essentially similar to the xylem rosins, the needle rosins from other species are of unusual composition. Such rosins could be the source of specialty fine chemicals but would not have any significant impact on rosin as a commodity material. The composition of the resin acids in pine needles may be an important characteristic in chemoteixonomic and genetic studies (18). 

Numerous members of the family of the Conifera contain large. quantities of resin, and an oil consisting almost entirely of terpenes, in well-characterised resin ducts in the wood. This is especially the case with the various species, of pine. The exudation from the wood, an oleo-resin, is often known as crude turpentine. Oil of turpentine, or, as it is generally called, turpentine or turps, is the oil obtained by distilling this, leaving the crude resin or rosin behind. 

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