Resin Characterisation

F. Modugno, E. Ribechini, M.P. Colombini, Aromatic resin characterisation by gas chromato graphy mass spectrometry Raw and archaeological materials, Journal of Chromatography A, 85, 164 1 73 (2006). 

Cabral-Fonseca S, Correia J R, Rodrigues M P and Branco F A (2012), Artificial accelerated ageing of GFRP pultruded profiles made of polyester and vinylester resins characterisation of physical-chemical and mechanical damage , Strain, 48(2), 162-173. 

Modified epoxy resins Characterisation, thermal stability studies [19]... 

Chromium Oxide-Based Catalysts. Chromium oxide-based catalysts were originally developed by Phillips Petroleum Company for the manufacture of HDPE resins subsequendy, they have been modified for ethylene—a-olefin copolymerisation reactions (10). These catalysts use a mixed sihca—titania support containing from 2 to 20 wt % of Ti. After the deposition of chromium species onto the support, the catalyst is first oxidised by an oxygen—air mixture and then reduced at increased temperatures with carbon monoxide. The catalyst systems used for ethylene copolymerisation consist of sohd catalysts and co-catalysts, ie, triaLkylboron or trialkyl aluminum compounds. Ethylene—a-olefin copolymers produced with these catalysts have very broad molecular weight distributions, characterised by M.Jin the 12—35 and MER in the 80—200 range. 

The epoxide resins (also widely known as epoxy resins and, occasionally, as ethoxyline resins) are characterised by the possession of more than one 1,2-epoxy group (I) per molecule. This group may lie within the body of the molecule but is usually terminal. 

The epoxide resins of the glycidyl ether type are usually characterised by six parameters ... 

The ASTM heat distortion temperature (deflection temperature under load) test may be used to characterise a resin. Resins must, however, be compared using identical hardeners and curing conditions. 

The third reason for opposition lay in the nature of many of the polymeric materials then known. Not oidy were they apparently ill-characterised, but they were also frequently non-crystalline, existing as gums and resins. Just the sort of unpromising media, in fact, from which dextrous organic chemists had become used to extracting crystalline substances of well characterised physical... 

From this brief discussion it is clear that crosslinking in phenol-formaldehyde resins is complicated and no individual specimen of these materials can be characterised well at the molecular level. Crosslinking is irregular and variable, though it gives rise to a material having sufficiently acceptable properties that it became the first commercially important plastic material indeed, as mentioned in Chapter 1, these resins continue to retain some commercial importance in certain specialised applications. 

The products of the chemical degradation of PETP with triethylene tetramine and triethaneolamine can be used as epoxy resin hardeners, it is demonstrated. Products of PETP aminolysis with triethylene tetramine and aminoglycolysis with triethanolamine, were characterised using NMR and rheometric measurements. Characteristics of the crosslinking process for the system epoxy resin/ PETP/amine degradation product, and epoxy resin/TETA for comparison were investigated by DSC. Three classes of liquid epoxy resins based on bisphenol A, bisphenol F and epoxy novolak resins were used in the experiments. 16 refs. 

Polymer Recycling 3,No.3, 1997/98, p.173-80 UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS FROM POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) WASTE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION Abdel-Azim AA Mekewi M A Gouda S R Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Ain Shams,University Egypt,Military Technical College... 

Aromatic amines formed from the reduction of azo colorants in toy products were analysed by means of HPLC-PDA [703], Drews et al. [704] have applied HPLC/ELSD and UV/VIS detection for quantifying SFE and ASE extracts of butyl stearate finish on various commercial yarns. From the calibrated ELSD response the total extract (finish and polyester trimer) is obtained and from the UV/VIS response the trimer only. Representative SFE-ELSD/UV finish analysis data compare satisfactorily to their corresponding SFE gravimetric weight recovery results. GC, HPLC and SEC are also used for characterisation of low-MW compounds (e.g. curing agents, plasticisers, by-products of curing reactions) in epoxy resin adhesives. 

Bourlinos AB, Karakassides MA, Petridis D (2001) Synthesis and characterisation of hollow clay microspheres through a resin template approach. Chem Commun 16 1518-1519... 

Dammar resin was introduced into Europe in the nineteenth century, mainly as a paint varnish It is still used today since it has good optical properties and low acidity. It is derived from various species (the genus Hopea and Shorea of the Dipterocarpaceae family). It is characterised by tetracyclic triterpenoids of the dammarane series and contains minor amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoids of the series of olanane, ursane and hopane. It also contains a polymeric fraction named polycadinene or [S-resene. Dammar resin triterpenoids undergo oxidation with ageing, as described for the components of mastic resin. 

Direct Mass Spectrometric Techniques Versatile Tools to Characterise Resinous Materials... 

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