Pinus caribaea

The most abundant terpene in nature is a-pinene (119) which is industrially obtained by fractional distillation of turpentine [68]. (+)-a-Pinene occurs, for example, in oil from Pinus palustris Mill, at concentrations of up to 65% oil from Pinus pinaster Soland. and American oil from Pinus caribaea contain 70% and 70-80% resp. of the (-)-isomer [26]. 

Fig. 7.1 Total nutrient stocks and in plant biomass plus soil in rain forest, newly planted Pinus caribaea (6 months old), P. caribaea, and Gmelina arborea plantations at the end of the first rotation (9.5 and 8.5 years old, respectively), and second rotation P. caribaea (1.5 years old) at Jari (Sanchez et al. 1985). H = harvest loss from trees taken when clearing the rain forest for the plantations L = leaching. Total nutrient stock is defined as the sum of all the nutrients in plant biomass (aboveground, litter, detritus, roots) plus total N, available P (extracted by the Mehlich method), and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg in the top meter of the soil.

Wise and RatlilF extracted slash pine Pinus caribaea) chlorite holocellulose at 20° with increasing concentrations of aqueous potassium hydroxide. In the range of 2 to 10% potassium hydroxide, the larger part of the hemicelluloses dissolved. Thereafter, less material dissolved, and above 16% potassium hydroxide, the weight of residue remained constant. The hemicelluloses could be recovered quantitatively by acidification of the alkaline extracts with acetic acid, followed by precipitation with an excess of ethanol. For the practical purposes of analysis, Wise and Ratliff chose to divide the... 

Derivation From pine trees, chiefly Pinus palustris and Pinus caribaea. (1) Gum rosin is the residue obtained after the distillation of turpentine oil from the oleoresin tapped from living trees. (2) Wood rosin is obtained by extracting pine stumps with naphtha and distilling off the volatile fraction. (3) Tail-oil rosin is a by-product of the fractionation of tall oil. 

Pinus caribaea, P. merkusii and P. oocarpa in Malaysia produce little latewood during the first two to four growth layers, but latewood develops strongly thereafter. Even with subsequent latewood formation the contrast between earlywood and... 

Pizzi A (1989) Wood adhesives chemistry and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York Plumtre RA (1979) Simple solar heated lumber dryers design, performance and commercial viability. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 46(A) 298-309 Plumtre RA ( 9 >A) Pinus Caribaea, Volume 2 Wood Properties. Tropical Forestry Paper 17. 

The selection of illustrative material raises a practical problem. The reader looks for familiar examples. To a European Norway and Sitka spruce and Scots pine might be an appropriate selection, to a North American reference to Douglas fir and the southern pines would be mandatory. In the Southern Hemisphere Pinus caribaea and P. radiata are clearly important. The more successful tropical hardwoods hardly get a mention. However, by emphasizing the principles governing processing and wood use, the hope is that reader will learn more than that offered by a narrow national perspective. We in New Zealand peep over the rim of the world and make our livelihood wherever we can, so it may be that a book written from that perspective has a better chance to capture the broad picture. 

Pine trees, chiefly Pinus palustris and Pinus caribaea, contain an oleoresin (a mixture of essential oils and resins) which can be tapped or removed by extraction or distillation to yield a number of commercially significant products ... 

Capitani LR (1982). Primetros resultados do uso do ethrel na resinagem de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis na Reflorestadora Sacramento RES A LTD A. IPEF Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, ESALQ-USP, Circular tecnica 147... 

Sonibare OO, Olakunle K (2008) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Pinus caribaea from Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol 7(14) 2462-2464... 

Goonetilleke LA, Jansz ER, Balachandran S, Vivekanandan K 1980 Studies on the Pinus species growing in Sri Lankan plantations. IV. Composition of oleoresin and turpentine of Pinus patula and Pinus caribaea. J Nat Sci Counc Sri Lanka 8 161-165... 

Dornelas, M. C. and Rodriguez, A. P. M. (2005). A FLORICAULA/LEAFY gene homolog is preferentially expressed in developing female cones of the tropical pine Pinus carihaea var. caribaea. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 28, 299-307. 

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