Commodity materials

Resins used in conventional composites (usually commodity materials) and typically containing 10—40 wt % reinforcing agent. 

Mid-1984 materials and labor factors have been reported for over 30 equipment types (13). The commodity materials include factors for concrete foundations, piping, steel supports, instmmentation, insulation, electrical, and painting. InstaHation labor factors are given for each of the commodity... 

PVC is unigue among commodity materials in that it contains chlorine and, thus, produces hydrogen chloride (HC1) when it decomposes or burns [2, 3]. 

Polyester has become a mainstay commodity material. This is one material that everyone comes in contact with daily for example, it is used in clothing, bedding, upholstery and carpeting. The first patent to cover polyesters was filed in 1941 by Whinfield and Dickson, with the material defined as a polymer formed by the combination of a diacid and a diol [1]. Following this discovery, the first commercial polyester, polyethylene 1,4-terephthalate) (PET), was produced by condensation polymerization of terephthalic acid (TA) (or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT)) as the diacid moiety and ethylene glycol as the diol. PET is now a well-known and widely utilized polymer material that is used throughout the world to manufacture films and fibers. 

In general, the required production rates of these more sophisticated materials are orders of magnitude less than those of the commodity materials referred to earlier. Some will be made in dedicated plant but many others may be manufactured in multi-product plant, which present new problems in the scheduling of efficient production. These include ... 

The petrochemical and chemical industries are the traditional industries for IR analyzers. The needs are extremely diverse and the versatility associated with process IR spectral measurements make the analyzers a good fit. Products manufactured by the petrochemical and chemical industries range from commodity materials (basic chemicals and raw materials) to fully formulated or compounded end-use products. Value-added products (formulated products) often require an advanced spectral analyzer, such as a process FTIR, whereas commodity chemicals are often served by a traditional IR photometer. 

Examples where traceability has no importance arise in the production of most commodity materials. Here the role of analytical chemistry may be merely to confirm that material is being produced with an acceptable maximum or minimum chemical characteristic. Assuring that specific properties of each lot of material produced compare well with previously-produced, acceptable batches implies that the new lots of material will also be suitable for use. What is required here is essentially not accuracy rather, it is a precise ratio of characteristics with earlier, acceptable product. Such a situation arises in an alumi-... 

For commodity applications, there are four major classes of resins that are used in FRP applications. They are phenolic resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, and epoxy vinyl ester resins. A more complete description of these types of resins and their many variations can be found in Handbook of Thermoset Plastics. This is not a comprehensive list of resins used in composite manufacture, as commodity materials like polyurethanes and isocyanurate resins are sometimes used as well to make FRP parts. However, these materials are not covered in this chapter owing to their limited use, but, the principals of fire safety that apply for the resins described subsequently apply to these materials as well. 

Several of the surfactants generally used as daily commodity materials (the four listed below) fall under class I designated chemical substances in the PRTR system and, therefore, their release and transfer amounts must be reported to the government. These surfactants were designated because they are produced and imported in large amounts, have ecotoxicity (LC50 <10 mg/L), and were detected in two or more places in the environment (having no noteworthy toxicity to humans). 

Many present and future applications of thermoplastics make greater demands for higher properties, and especially combinations of properties, than are available from the commodity materials. To satisfy these demands, organic polymer chemists and chemical engineers have developed and commercialized over four dozen major types of polymers, offering many improved properties to meet these demands. They may be listed as follows, and then compared in their abilities to satisfy these requirements. 

Modern Plastics International 32, No. 10, Oct.2002, p.82-3 NANOPARTICLES OFFER PERFORMANCE BOOST IN COMMODITY MATERIALS... 

A particular product (commodity) (material) must become the subject of money, which exists as the attribute of every exchange value. The subject in which this symbol is represented is not a matter of indifference, since the demands placed on the representing subject are contained in the conditions - conceptual determinations, characteristic relations - of that which is to be represented. The study of the precious metals as subjects of the money relations, as incarnations of the latter, is therefore by no means a matter lying outside the realm of political economy, as Proudhon believes, any more than the physical composition of paint, and of marble, lie outside the realm of painting and sculpture.27... 

The development of materials based on hetero polysiloxanes in combination with or without nanoparticles is an interesting route to new materials with interesting aspects and applications. These materials, especially in the initial phase, cannot play the role as mass commodity materials to be produced in large quantities by chemical industry. This might be one of the reasons that the pienetration of this type of material into industrial application is still at its infancy, but anyway, for creating special flmctions or special innovation in the field of materials users, this type of materials has already proven its usefulness for practice. 

The uniqueness of these polymers is derived from a combination of performance attributes. The SBC family of polymers offers outstanding clarity and excellent impact strength or shatter resistance, and are easy to process. Primarily, these type polymers fill the gap between low-cost commodity materials and high-cost performance polymers. For example, crystal polystyrene offers excellent clarity, but very poor impact resistance, and polycarbonate offers excellent impact resistance, but at a significant cost premium. 

Breakdown of directs by equipment and commodities, materials, labor, and subcontracts. 

Plaisma polymerisation is an effective route to new surface chemistries. Plasma polymerisation is widely employed as a coating technology, whereby the value of a commodity material is substantially enhanced by the provision of a specific (new) surface property. By employing low plasma powers, highly functionalised surfaces can be fabricated. Such surfaces may be used to direct specific surface processes, e.g. cell adhesion. 

Also, student training will include the economical and ethical development of safe chemical processes to produce commodity materials for aU segments of society. 

Reduces vapor production with liquid fuels Separates fuel from air Cooling Prevents radiative feedback Flammable and combustible liquid spills Ordinary commodities Materials that react with water or foam agent Metals Less effective with pressurized or spill fires Electrically conductive Requires clean up after discharge Secures fuel from reignition Acts as wetting agent with ordinary commodities Non-toxic... 

Thermal storage technologies enable a solar resource with a nominal 25% capacity factor to be "spread" out to produce a 69-72% capacity factor that operates at lower output. This technology was proven at the Solar Two plant (Pacheco et al. 2002 Reilly and Kolb 2001) and uses fully commercial technology and commodity materials. Current thermal storage technology is low-cost molten-nitrate salt useful to about 650°C,... 

Decades ago, few would have expected the automotive sector to be such a large consumer of POs—lowly "commodity" materials. But vehicle applications have become a high-end market for PP and TPOs (compounds of PP, mbber, and filler) and this sector has driven the growth of these materials into other engineering-type applications. 

Colorants can make relatively cheap commodity materials such as POs appear to be (superficially at least) more than just the sum of their parts. POs have relied on their colorability to make products more aesthetically pleasing to use, or simply to draw more visual attention toward a product. Product differentiation is perhaps the main reason POs are colored, whether for short-lived packaging or for color-matched, durable, multi-material assemblies such as automobiles and playground equipment. 

The cost of cubic ZrOi crystals varies depending on supply and demand. The selling price for single crystals is only 0.80g . This makes them a low-cost commodity material for the gem trade and necessitates large-scale production to make the process economically feasible. However, once the crystals have been oriented, cut, and polished for use as substrates for thin-film growth (e.g., the high-temperature superconductors) the equivalent cost... 

The common tendency to confine the word plastics to the cheaper commodity materials such as polystyrene has no logical basis. There are many expensive, exotic plastics such as PTFE (or polytetrafluoroethene ). 

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