Rose, essential oil

Farnesol Found in rose essential oil. It is bacteriostatic and non-irritant sometimes used in the formulation of deodorants. 

Materials for flavoring may be divided into several groups. The most common groupings are either natural or artificial flavorings. Natural materials include spices and herbs essential oils and thek extracts, concentrates, and isolates fmit, fmit juices, and fmit essence animal and vegetable materials and thek extracts and aromatic chemicals isolated by physical means from natural products, eg, citral from lemongrass and linalool from hois de rose. 

Essential oils are isolated from various plant parts, such as leaves (patchouH), fmit (mandarin), bark (cinnamon), root (ginger), grass (citroneUa), wood (amyris), heartwood (cedar), gum (myrrh oil), balsam (tolu balsam oil), berries (pimento), seeds (diU), flowers (rose), twigs and leaves (thuja oil), and buds (cloves). 

Sandalwood Oil, East Indian. The use of sandalwood oil for its perfumery value is ancient, probably extending back some 4000 years. Oil from the powdered wood and roots of the tree Santalum album L. is produced primarily in India, under government control. Good quaUty oil is a pale yellow to yellow viscous Hquid characterized by an extremely soft, sweet—woody, almost ariimal—balsarnic odor. The extreme tenacity of the aroma makes it an ideal blender—fixative for woody-Oriental—floral fragrance bases. It also finds extensive use for the codistillation of other essential oils, such as rose, especially in India. There the so-called attars are made with sandalwood oil distilled over the flowers or by distillation of these flowers into sandalwood oil. The principal constituents of sandalwood oil are shown in Table 11 (37) and Figure 2. 

Rose. Rose is one of the most important florals ia perfumery, the most valuable derivatives of which are produced from Rosa damascena, which is grown principally ia Bulgaria, but also ia Russia, Turkey, Syria, India, and Morocco. The concrete, absolute, and steam-distilled essential oil (rose otto) are particularly valuable perfume iagredients. Careful handling and processiag of freshly picked flowers are required to produce these materials of warm, deeply floral, and rich odor quaUty. They are complex mixtures of which citroneUol (9), geraniol (8), phenethyl alcohol [60-12-8] (21), and P-damascenone [23726-93 ] (22) (trace component) are important odor constituents. 

Famesol is manufactured from nerohdol by isomerization over a vanadium catalyst (55). Famesol occurs in several essential oils, such as ambrette seed, neroh, rose, cyclamen, and jasmine it is also used in floral and oriental fragrances. 

Thc essential oil of the rose w l of Uie sixtiinutb ccnuirT, hut wa and then only by accident. Suwy of ihe dIsiKiviiry of otio of rose ... 

The higher aliphatic alcohols, from octyl alcohol upwards, have-recently been introduced as perfume materials with considerable success. Only one or two of them, such as nonyl and undeeylenic alcohols, have so far been detected as natural constituents of essential oils, but other members of the series are prepared artificially, and are employed in minute quantities in the preparation of perfumes with characteristic, fruity bouquets. These alcohols are greatly diminished in perfume value by traces of impurities. According to H. J. Prins, the first interesting member of the series is octyl alcohol it has a very sweet, rose-like odour, and is especially suitable for giving a rose perfume that pecnliar sweet smell which distinguishes a rose from a rose perfume. This feature of the aliphatic alcohols diminishes in the series from Cg to Cjg. 

Geraniol, Cj(,Hj-OH, is a constituent of many essential oils, both in the free state and in the form of esters. It is present to a very large extent in palmarosa oil, ginger-grass oil, and citronella oil, principally in the free state, and in geranium oil, to some extent in the free state, but principally in the form of esters. It is also an important constituent of otto of rose, and is present in numerous other oils belonging to the most distantly related groups. 

Linalol is found very widely distributed in essential oils. It forms the principal constituent, in the free state, of oil of linaloe, and the chief odorous constituent, in the form of esters, in bergamot and lavender oils. It is also found in ylang-ylang, rose, champaca leaf, cinnamon, petit-grain, spike, geranium, lemon, spearmint, and numerous. other essential oils. 

This alcohol, of the formula CjoHj O, occurs in the essential oil Bupleurum fi-uticomni, from which it was isolated hy Francesconi and Semagiottod It was separated hy means of its phthalic acid ester, and is an oil of faint rose odour, having the following characters —... 

The esters belonging to the geraniol series of alcohols are absolutely indispensable in the manufacture of artificial perfumes. When it is remembered that these esters are present in such oils as bergamot, rose, geranium, lavender, petit-grain, neroli, and numerous other sweetsmelling essential oils, it will readily be seen how useful they are in building up similar perfumes artificially. 

As part of a study of the secondary chemistry of members of Cistus (the rock-rose) in France, Robles and Garzino (1998) examined the essential oil of C albidus L. Plants were sampled from two areas in Provence characterized by different soil types, calcareous sites west of Marseille, and siliceous sites near Pierrefeu-du-Var and Bormes les Mimosas (PF and BM, respectively, in Fig. 2.23), which lie about 60 km and 80 km to the east, respectively, in the Massif les Maures. Regardless of the soil type, a-zingiberene [88] (Fig. 2.24) was the dominant component. Concentrations of other major components of the plants varied between the two soil types, as summarized in Table 2.6. Many other compounds were present in lesser amounts, but varied little between the two areas. A more recent paper by the same workers (Robles and Garzino, 2000) described an analysis of C. monspeliensis L. leaf oils, the results of which are summarized in Table 2.7. 

Rose, Jeanne. 375 essential oils and hydrosols. Berkeley (CA) Frog, 1999. xxi, 245 p. ISBN 1883319897... 

Tasev T, Toleva P, Balabanova V. (1969). [Neurophysical effect of Bulgarian essential oils from rose, lavender, and geranium]. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 11(5) 307-17. 

Essential oils are organic compounds derived from flowers, seeds, leaves, roots, resins, and citrus fruits. The structures of many fragrant compounds have been studied, and processes for making these valuable compounds in a laboratory have been developed. There are now approximately 5000 synthetically produced chemicals that are available to a perfumer. These chemicals include vanillin, rose oxides, and the damascenes, or rose ketones. 

I. Prins, H. J. Chem. Weekblad 1919, 16, 64, 1072. Hendrik J. Prins (1889—1958), bom in Zaandam, The Netherlands, was not even an organic chemist per se. After obtaining a doctorate in chemical engineering, Prins worked for an essential oil company and then a company dealing with the rendering of condemned meats and carcasses. But he had a small laboratory near his house where he carried out his experiments in his spare time, which obviously was not a big distraction—for he rose to be the president-director of the firm he worked for. 

The enantiomeric differentiation of linalool is useful in the quality control of essential oils and oleoresins, as it was found to provide an important indication of the authenticity of many herbs and spices. The enantiomeric composition of linalool has been determined in many essential oils, including basil, bergamot, rosemary, lavandin, lavender, balm, coriander, mace. Pelargonium, rose, Cymbopogon, lemon, mandarin, Osman-thus, davana, jasmine, Lippia alba and orange, as well as in many fruit... 

C12H22O2, Mr 198.30, Z PlOl.SkPa 240 °C, d 0.8901, Wp 1.4515, occurs in many essential oils either as one of its optical isomers or as the racemate. The odor of racemic citronellyl acetate differs little from that of the optical isomers. ( )-Citronellyl acetate is a liquid with a fresh-fruity rose odor. It is often used as a fragrance, for example, for rose, lavender, and geranium notes as well as for eau de cologne with citrus nuances. Since it is relatively stable to alkali, it can be used in soaps and detergents. Citrus flavors acquire speciflc character through the addition of citronellyl acetate it is also used to round off other fruit flavors. 

Cyclic ethers used as fragrances include a number of terpenoid compounds. Some of them, such as 1,4-cineole [470-67-7] and 1,8-cineole, occur in essential oils in significant quantities. Others are only minor components examples are rose oxide, nerol oxide [1786-08-9], and rose furan [15186-51-3], which contribute to the specific fragrance of rose oil. Caryophyllene oxide [1139-30-6], which has a woody,... 

Since ca. 31 of blossoms are required to prepare ca. 1 kg of oil, rose oil is one of the most expensive essential oils. Production is just a few tons per year. 

Aromatic monoterpenes which contain a benzene ring like p-cymene 9, car-vacrol 12, thymol 13 and phenylethyl alcohol 14 (Structure 4.4) are common constituents of many essential oils, e.g. oregano (Origanum sp.), thyme (Thymus sp.), savory (Satureja sp.) and rose (Rosa sp.) oils. Another important constituent class of essential oils is phenypropanoids [36]. They are not considered as terpenoids owing to their different biogenetic origins, which will be mentioned later. 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Rosa chinensis Jacq. R. indica Lindl. Yue Je Hua (Tea rose) (leaf, fruit, flower bud) Essential oils.49 For arthritis, boils, cough, hematuria, rheumatoid joint pains, circulatory stimulant. 

Rosa rugosa Thunb. Mei Gui Hua (Rose) (flower bud) Essential oils, 1-citronellol, citral, geraniol, nerol, eugenol, cyanin, n-phenylethyl alcohol, citrol, nonyl aldehyde, 1-linalool, 1-p-menthene, nonacosane, menthene, paeonidin, bensaldehyde, phenylacetic acid, rosenoxide.48-50 Promote blood circulation, treat abscesses, blood diseases, dyspepsia, hematemesis, hepatitis, stomachache. 

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