Rivers, heavy metals

Environmental Concerns. Dyes, because they are intensely colored, present special problems in effluent discharge even a very small amount is noticeable. However, the effect is more aesthetically displeasing rather than ha2ardous, eg, red dyes discharged into rivers and oceans. Of more concern is the discharge of toxic heavy metals such as mercury and chromium. 

The paper describes the different chemical sensors and mathematical methods applied and presents the review of electronic tongue application for quantitative analysis (heavy metals and other impurities in river water, uranium in former mines, metal impurities in exhaust gases, ets) and for classification and taste determination of some beverages (coffee, bear, juice, wines), vegetable oil, milk, etc. [1]. 

Fig. 15-7 Relationship between dissolved and total heavy metal concentrations in several rivers. Cross-hatched bands represent range of values from the Ruhr (Imhoff et ah, 1980) W and F represent winter and fall values at a selected station in the Mississippi (Eisenreich et ah, 1980) Triangles represent values from the Rhine river (Davis, 1984).

Imhoff, K. R., Koppe, P. and Dietz, F. (1980). Heavy metals in the Ruhr River and their budget in the catchment area. Progr. Water Technol. 12, 735-749. 

The zone elution method has been used for quantitative estimation or recovery of heavy metals in plants and vegetable juices [29], mercury (11) in river and waste waters [52], zinc in different environmental samples [46], nickel and copper in alloys [53], zirconium in Mg-Al alloys [22], cobalt, zinc, nickel, and copper in natural water and alloy samples [54], thiocyanate in spiked photogenic waste water [55], and aluminum in bauxite ores [42],... 

Hontela A, Dumont P, Duclos D, Fortin R. 1995. Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in yellow perch, Perea flavescens, exposed to organic contaminants and heavy metals in the St. Lawrence River. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 725-731. 

Deleon IR, Byrne CJ, Peuler EA, et al. 1986. Trace organic and heavy metal pollutants in the Mississippi River. Chemosphere 15 795-805. 

Fitchko J, Hutchinson TC. 1975. A comparative study of heavy metal concentrations in river mouth sediments around the Great Lakes. J Great Lakes Res 1 46-78. 

The sample of river water comes from an area that once housed a sheet metal works. Heavy metal contamination is common in... 

Sheppard J.C., Funk W.H. Trees as environmental sensors monitoring long-term heavy metal contamination of Spokane River, Idaho. Environ Sci Technol 1975 9 638-643. 

Surface-water samples are usually collected manually in precleaned polyethylene bottles (from a rubber or plastic boat) from the sea, lakes, and rivers. Sample collection is performed in the front of the bow of boats, against the wind. In the sea, or in larger inland lakes, sufficient distance (about 500 m) in an appropriate wind direction has to be kept between the boat and the research vessel to avoid contamination. The collection of surface water samples from the vessel itself is impossible, considering the heavy metal contamination plume surrounding each ship. Surface water samples are usually taken at 0.3-1 m depth, in order to be representive and to avoid interference by the air/water interfacial layer in which organics and consequently bound heavy metals accumulate. Usually, sample volumes between 0.5 and 21 are collected. Substantially larger volumes could not be handled in a sufficiently contamination-free manner in subsequent sample pretreatment steps. 

Ramos L, Fernandez MA, Gonzalez MJ, Hernandez LM (1999) Heavy metal pollution in water, sediments, and earthworms from the Ebro River, Spain. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63 305-311... 

Arribere MA, Guevara SR, Sanchez RS, Gil MI, Ross GR, Daurade LE, Fajon V, Horvat M, Alcalde R, Kestelman AJ (2003) Heavy metals in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali factory in the upper Negro River ecosystem, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Sci Total Environ 301 187-203... 

For example, 95 km upstream from the river mouth there is the Flix reservoir, where there are around 200,000-360,000 tons of industrial waste with a high concentration of heavy metals and organochloiines due to the activity of an chloro-alkali industry for more than half a century [11],... 

Lewis, D. M., The use of 210Pb as a heavy metal tracer in the Susquehana River system. Geochem. et Cocmochin. Acta, 41, 1557-1564 (1977). 

Clements, W.H., D.S. Cherry, and J.H.V. Hassel. 1992. Assessment of the impact of heavy metals on benthic communities at the Clinch River (Virginia) evaluation of an index of community sensitivity. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49 1686-1694. 

Sumi, Y., H.R. Fukuoka, T. Murakami, T. Suzuki, S. Hatakeyama, and K.T. Suzuki. 1991. Histochemical localization of copper, iron and zinc in the larvae of the mayfly Baetis thermicus inhabiting a river polluted with heavy metals. Zool. Sci. (Japan) 8 287-293. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 15 14-38. McDonald, L.J. 1986. Suspected lead poisoning in an Amazon parrot. Canad. Vet. Jour. 27 131-134. McLean, R.O. and A.K. Jones. 1975. Studies of tolerance to heavy metals in the flora of the rivers Ystwyth and Clarach, Wales. Freshwater Biol. 5 431 -444. 

Overmann, S.R. and J.J. Krajicek. 1995. Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) as biomonitors of lead contamination of the Big River in Missouri s old lead belt. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14 689-695. Osweiler, G.D. and G.A. Van Gelder. 1978. Epidemiology of lead poisoning in animals. Pages 143-177 in F.W. Oehme (ed.). Toxicity of Heavy Metals in the Environment. Part 1. Marcel Dekker, NY. 

Gumgum, B., E. Unlu, Z. Tez, and Z. Gulsun. 1994. Heavy metal pollution in water, sediment and fish from the Tigris River in Turkey. Chemosphere 29 111-116. 

Manly, R. and W.O. George. 1977. The occurrence of some heavy metals in populations of the freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina (L.) from the River Thames. Environ. Poll. 14 139-154. 

Trefry, J.H. and B.J. Presley. 1976. Heavy metal transport from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. Pages 39-76 in H.L. Windom and R.A. Duce (eds.). Marine Pollutant Transfer. D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA. 

Ramelow, G.J., C.L. Webre, C.S. Mueller, J.N. Beck, J.C.Young, and M.P. Langley. 1989. Variations of heavy metals and arsenic in fish and other organisms from the Calcasieu River and Lake, Louisiana. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 804-818. 

Winger, P.V., C. Sieckman, T.W. May, and W.W. Johnson. 1984. Residues of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals in biota from Apalachicola River, Florida, 1978. Jour. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 67 325-333. 

Evaluation of Methods for the Determination of Fluoride in Water Samples. 2 Analysis of a Competitive Product. 3 The Assessment of the Heavy Metal Pollution in a River Estuary. 4 The Analysis of Hydrocarbon Products in a Catalytic Reforming Study. 

The Assessment of the Heavy Metal Pollution in a River Estuary Example 12.2.3... 

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