Review of Studies

Although the major interest in experimental and theoretical studies of network formation has been devoted to elastomer networks, the epoxy resins keep apparently first place among typical thermosets. Almost exclusively, the statistical theory based on the tree-like model has been used. The problem of curing was first attacked by Japanese authors (Yamabe and Fukui, Kakurai and Noguchi, Tanaka and Kakiuchi) who used the combinatorial approach of Flory and Stockmayer. Their work has been reviewed in Chapter IV of May s and Tanaka s monograph Their experimental studies included molecular weights and gel points. However, their conclusions were somewhat invalidated by the fact that the assumed reaction schemes were too simplified or even incorrect. It is to be stressed, however, that Yamabe and Fukui were the first who took into account the initiated mechanism of polymerization of epoxy groups (polyetherification). They used, however, the statistical treatment which is incorrect as was shown in Section 3.3. 

The importance of deviations from the structure of an ideal network due to stoichiometric imbalance or incomplete reaction was recognized in amine-epoxy curing by Bell who developed semi-empirical corrections. Their applicability was, however, limited to rather small deviations from the perfect state. The degree of approximation has never been tested against the complete theory. 

Using the Macosko-Miller version of the tree-like model, Charlesworth analyzed his experimental results obtained for the diamine-diepoxide reaction (molecular weights, pregel composition, sol fraction). Bokare and Ghandi derived 

A selection of structural parameters which can be calculated using the branching theory, experimental methods of their determination and their connection with properties of materials are given in Table 1. 

Molecular weight averages VPO, Light scattering and other Ageing of resin- 

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The early literature on naturally occurring plant growth inhibitors and the influence one plant might exert on another by chemical means (allelopathy) is considered comprehensively in various reviews (12, 15, 36, 37, 48, 49, 61, 67, 94, 121, 162). Reviews of studies concerned with the influence of plant exudates on root-infecting fungi (130) and the effects of phytotoxins which arise as decomposition products (113) have appeared recently. Because of the excellent coverage of the topics by others, no attempt is made here to review the early literature exhaustively. Instead, consideration is restricted essentially to specific compounds and to some of the more recent literature. 

Kabanov and Zingel [352] have recently published a comprehensive review of studies of the effect of application of continuous or periodic electric fields on the reactant during thermal decomposition of a solid. They comment on the superficiality of most of the work discussed. The application of an electric field is contrasted with the effect of selected additives as a means of obtaining information on the mechanism of a decomposition reaction. Both may alter the concentration of free electrons in the solid, but the effect of the field is more apparent in the vicinity of the surface. An example of an investigation of the effect of an electric field on a reaction is to be found in the work of the Panafieu et al. [373] on KN3. 

EPA. 1986d. Review of studies submitted as follow-up to the 1982 Endosulfan Registration Standard. Memorandum. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. Document no. 004881. 

Adobe Acrobat Reader is software that permits users to view, navigate, search, and print Adobe PDF tiles on major computer platforms. The software is free and available from Adobe Systems Web site. Although useful, the Reader does not support all the functionality that OPP s reviewers require. For the pilots, OPP purchased Adobe Acrobat, Version 4.0, to support the review of studies submitted as PDF files. Adobe Acrobat permits review, mark-up, annotation, and extraction of text and tables for editing or other manipulations, in addition to basic viewing, navigation, and printing capabilities. 

In principle, the reactivity of a functional group should not be altered when it is attached to a polymer ( 1). However, special effects may be encountered when a reagent is attracted to a polymer or repelled from it, when the polymer-bound reactive group is activated or inhibited by a neighboring group or when the local polarity of the polymer domain differs from that of the bulk solvent. A review of studies of such effects... 

Brock, William H. Review of Studies in the history of chemistry (1971), by Harold Hartley. In Ambix 18 222-223.. ... 

Melander, Hans, Jane Ahlqvist-Rastad, Gertie Meijer and Bjorn Beermann, Evidence B(I)Ased Medicine - Selective Reporting from Studies Sponsored by Pharmaceutical Industry Review of Studies in New Drug Applications , British Medical Journal 326 (2003) 1171-73... 

Guerra, M. F. and Th. Calligaro (2003), Gold cultural heritage objects A review of studies of provenance and manufacturing technologies, Meas. Sci. Technol. 14, 1527-1537. 

Hannaford PC, Owen-Smith V (1998) Using epidemiological data to guide clinical practice review of studies on cardiovascular disease and use of combined oral contraceptives. Br Med J 316 984-987... 

Dowd RW. 1990. Review of studies concerning effects of well casing materials on trace measurements of organic compounds. In Friedman D, ed. Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Second Volume. 31-42. 

In a review of studies under the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicology II (PAFT), de Rooij (1989) stated that narcosis can be induced in mice after the following exposures 80,000 in 15 min, 64,000 ppm in 30 min, and 41,000 after 6 h. Clear narcotic signs are observed in both rats and mice at concentrations >30,000 ppm. No further details were provided. 

Review of studies on the effect of oxalic acid on calcium bioavailability in rats and in humans indicates that most of the research was done between 1930 and 1950. Decreased availability of calcium in young rats was reported when spinach containing oxalic acid was fed with low calcium diets. The extent of the effect of oxalic acid on calcium availability was shown to be related to levels of calcium and oxalic acid, as well as the presence of vitamin D in the diet. In human studies there was generally no effect of oxalic acid on calcium balance however, in a few studies decreased calcium balances were reported. There is recent evidence that oxalic acid consumed along with a moderately high level of fiber intake may have adverse effects on calcium balance of human subjects. 

Several comprehensive reviews on oxalic acid have been published in which effects on calcium metabolism were discussed (7-11). A review of studies on the effect of oxalic acid on calcium bioavailability in rats and humans is presented in this paper. 

The above data are based on the review of studies reported by Xin et al.29 Note that ECT was conducted on patients who were either in advanced stages of lung cancer and/or had failed radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. 

Meyer CR. 1984. Critical review of studies relating occupational exposures of males and reproductive capacity. In Lockey JE, Lemasters GK, Keye WR Jr, eds. Reproduction The new frontier in occupational and environmental health research. New York, NY Alan R. Liss, Inc., 375-384. 

Doyle, G. J., and J. L. Jones. Automobile exhaust-gas aerosols A review of studies conducted at Stanford Research Institute. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 13 365-367, 387, 1%3. 

Schreiner CA. 1983. Petroleum and petroleum products A brief review of studies to evaluate reproductive effects. Adv Mod Env Toxicol 3 29-45. 

AU the medical records of the subject should be available for comparison with the data recorded in the case report form (CRF). In the past, physicians have not allowed medical records to be available for the so-called source verification by non-physicians since they felt that this broke the strict confidentiality of the study subject s medical records. However, frequent mistakes in transferring important clinical data to the CRF, the recruitment of subjects who do not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria and the occasional blatant fraud has led to an insistence by sponsors and regulatory agencies for sponsor s review of study documentation. Indeed, verification of source data cannot take place without access to the medical records of the study subject by the sponsor s staff. 

Traditionally, one did a review of those studies writing a narrative about them and drawing conclusions based on the subjective evaluation of this information by the reviewer. A different way to write review articles, named meta-analysis, was introduced into clinical medicine by Chalmers. It has been defined as a systematic review of studies that uses quantitative statistical procedures to combine, synthesize, and integrate information across these studies . What this methodology does is take a group of... 

Porterfield, H. UsToo PC-SPES surveys review of studies and update of previous survey results. Mol Urol 2000 4(3) 289-291. de la Taille, A., O. R. Hayek, M. Burchardt, T. Burchardt, and A. E. Katz. Role of herbal compounds (PC-SPES) in hormone-refractory prostate cancer two case reports. J Altern Complement Med 2000 6(5) 449-451. 

Food and Drug Administration scientists evaluate the safety studies to determine whether or not the results support a conclusion that the product can be used safely. Until the mid-1970s, the underlying assumption in the agency review was that the reports submitted to the agency accurately described study conduct and precisely reported the study data. A suspicion that this assumption was mistaken was raised in the agency s review of studies submitted by a major pharmaceutical manufacturer in support of new drug applications for two important therapeutic products. Review scientists observed data inconsistencies and evidence of unacceptable laboratory practices in the study reports. 

A recent review of studies published in the past decade (ADAA/NIMH, 1999) identified a total of 9 controlled and 15 uncontrolled psychosocial treatment outcome studies. In the last 2 years, at least four additional controlled treatment outcome studies for pediatric anxiety (excluding PTSD and OCD) have been published, and several large trials are underway. Although various psy-... 

According to an often-cited review of studies provided by May (1968), antipsychotics represent considerably more effective treatment for acute forms of schizophrenia than do various types of psychotherapy ... 

Brief Review of Studies of Electron and Hole Formation... 

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