Retinoic acid , effect

Sakashita, A., Kizaki, M, Pakkala, S, Schiller, G., Tsuruoka, N, Tomosaki, R, Cameron, J F, Dawson, M I, and Koeffler, H P (1993) 9-m-retinoic acid effects on normal and leukemic hematopoiesis in vitro Blood 81, 1009-1016... 

Apfel C, Bauer F, Crettaz M, Fomi L, Kamber M, Kaufmann F, LeMotte P, Pirson W, Klaus M (1992) A retinoic acid receptor a antagonist selectively counteracts retinoic acid effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 7129-7133... 

Stream from the retinoic acid effect. However, structural specificity of the sialyl compounds on granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells was rather broad, in comparison to GM3(NeuAc) on monocytic differentiation, because several synthetic sialyl compounds, such as sialyl cholesterol and sialyl alkyl glycerol ether, showed the same bioactivity (Saito et aL, 1990). 

Retinoids are needed for cellular differentiation and skin growth. Some retinoids even exert a prophylactic effect on preneoplastic and malignant skin lesions. Fenretlnide (54) is somewhat more selective and less toxic than retinyl acetate (vitamin A acetate) for this purpose. It is synthesized by reaction of all trans-retinoic acid (53), via its acid chloride, with g-aminophe-nol to give ester 54 (13). 

Agents which enhance the host s response against neoplasias or force them to differentiate are termed biological response modifiers. Examples include interleukin 2 which is used to treat renal cell carcinoma, interferon a which is active against hematologic neoplasias, and tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which is a powerful inducer of differentiation in certain leukemia cells by acting on retinoid receptors. Side effects include influenza like symptoms, changes in blood pressure and edema. 

Among retinoids, 13-cis-retinoic acid is known to have not only anti-inflammatory but also sebostatic effects. Therefore it is one of the most potent topical and also systemic agents for therapy of acne. 

Systemic treatment of 13-cis retinoic acid frequently leads to cheilitis and eye irritations (e.g., unspecific cornea inflammation). Also other symptoms such as headache, pruritus, alopecia, pains of joints and bone, and exostosis formation have been reported. Notably, an increase of very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides accompanied by a decrease of the high density lipoproteins has been reported in 10-20% of treated patients. Transiently, liver function markers can increase during oral retinoid therapy. Etretinate causes the side effects of 13-cis retinoid acid at lower doses. In addition to this, generalized edema and centrilobulary toxic liver cell necrosis have been observed. 

Generally used at a concentration of 0.05-1% with minimal side effects (erythema and desquamation), retinoic acid has to be applied once a day, usually nightly. It does not suppress melanogenesis, but accelerates epidermal turn-... 

Topical retinoic acid has been shown to have a beneficial effect on the vascular component of rosacea (0.025-0.05% cream once a day) [7]... 

Vitamin A (retinol) and retinoic acid are carotenoid oxidation compounds that are very important for human health. The main functions of retinoids relate to vision and cellular differentiation. With the exception of retinoids, it was only about 10 years ago that other carotenoid oxidation products were first thought to possibly exert biological effects in humans and were implicated in the prevention - or promotion of degenerative diseases. A review on this subject was recently published. ... 

Carotenoid oxidation products are also supposed to have detrimental effects in vivo. As mentioned earlier, they are suspected to be involved in the adverse effects of high doses of 3-carotene supplementation in smokers and asbestos workers (CARET and ATBC studies) and in smoke-exposed ferrets. The mechanisms potentially involved have been investigated in vitro. P-Apo-8 -carotenal, an eccennic cleavage oxidation product of P-carotene, was shown to be a strong inducer of CYPlAl in rats, whereas P-carotene was not active. Cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) enzymes thus induced could enhance the activation of carcinogens and the destruction of retinoic acid. ... 

Ben-Dor, A. et al.. Effects of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene on activation of the retinoic acid receptor and proliferation of mammary cancer cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 391, 295, 2001. 

Tretinoin, also referred to ATRA, which stands for all-trans-retinoic acid, is a retinoic acid that is not cytotoxic but promotes the maturation of early promyelocytic cells and is specific to the t(15 17) cytogenetic marker. The time to peak concentrations is 1 to 2 hours after an oral dose. The elimination half-life is 21 to 51 minutes.32 These maroon-and-gold capsules are dosed at 45 mg/m2 per day divided into two doses. The most significant side effect is the retinoic acid syndrome, which may occur anywhere from the first couple of days of therapy until the end of therapy and consists of symptoms of... 

Villiger PM, Terkeltaub R, Lotz M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in human articular cartilage. Induction by peptide regulatory factors and differential effects of dexamethasone and retinoic acid. J Clin Invest 1992 90(2) 488 196. 

Goralczyk, R., Wertz, K., Lenz, B. et al. 2005. Beta-carotene interaction with NNK in the AJ-mouse model Effects on cell proliferation, tumor formation and retinoic acid responsive genes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1740 179-188. 

Liu, Y., Chang, R.L., Cui, X.X., Newmark, H.L. and Conney, A.H. 1997. Synergistic effects of curcumin on all-trans retinoic acid- and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Oncol Res 9 19-29. 

Tretinoin -naturally occurring retinoid -retinoic acid syndrome -fever -chest pain -hypoxia -pulmonary infiltrates -pleural/pericardial effusions -nausea and vomiting -mucocutaneous effects -arthralgias -headaches -increased triglycerides -xerostomia, exfoliation, chelitis... 

Experimental studies showed antitumoral effects of raloxifene in different in vitro preparations and animal models. Raloxifene has been able to inhibit the mitogenic effect induced by estrogens on ZR-75-1 cells, an estrogen responsive human breast cancer cell line (Poulin et al. 1989). In a well-accepted rat model of breast cancer induced by nitroso-methyl urea (NMU) raloxifene significantly suppressed the development of breast tumors and acted synergistically with 9 cis-retinoic acid (Anzano et al. 1996). 

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