Regulatory peptides

Tissue plasminogen activators Human growth hormone Neuroactive peptides Regulatory peptides Lymphokines Human serum albumin Gamma globulin Antihemophilic factors Monoclonal antibodies... 

Villiger PM, Terkeltaub R, Lotz M. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in human articular cartilage. Induction by peptide regulatory factors and differential effects of dexamethasone and retinoic acid. J Clin Invest 1992 90(2) 488 196. 

Mentiein, R. (1999) Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26)-role in the inactivation of regulatory peptides. Regulatory Peptides, 85, 9-24. 

In general, nonconventional protein foods must be competitive with conventional plant and animal protein sources on the bases of cost delivered to the consumer, nutritional value to humans or animals, functional value in foods, sensory quality, and social and cultural acceptability. Also, requirements of regulatory agencies in different countries for freedom from toxins or toxic residues in single-cell protein products, toxic glycosides in leaf protein products, pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and toxins in fish protein concentrates, or inhibitory or toxic peptide components in synthetic peptides must be met before new nonconventional food or feed protein products can be marketed. 

Dynorphin may also influence nociception at the spinal level. The levels of prodynorphin mRNA and immunoreactive dynorphin increase in the chronic inflammatory arthritic model (158). Dynorphin also inhibits morphine or P-endorphin-induced analgesia in naive animals and enhances analgesia in tolerant animals, indicating that this peptide may have a regulatory role in opioid analgesia (159). This effect does not appear to be mediated by a classical opioid receptor, since des-tyrosine dynorphin, which does not bind to opioid receptors, also antagonizes morphine analgesia (160). 

Endogenous opioid peptide released both in the central nervous system and in other apparatuses of the body that have many regulatory functions, including inhibition of pain transmission. 

Somatostatin is a regulatory cyclic peptide, which has originally been described as a hypothalamic growth hormone release-inhibiting factor. It is produced throughout the central nervous system (CNS) as well as in secretoty cells of the periphery and mediates its regulatory functions on cellular processes such as neurotransmission, smooth muscle contraction, secretion and cell proliferation via a family of seven transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptors termed sstx 5. 

The secretion of extracellular matrix proteins is also a function of smooth muscle cells but, since it occurs concurrently with other activities, it does not seem to constitute a physiological state. However, the fraction of the cellular resources which are devoted to it must be regulated these regulatory mechanisms are virtually unknown. In addition, it should be anticipated that autocrine activity occurs as well, involving peptides, prostaglandins, cytokines, and nitric oxide. 

Hormone response elements (for steroids, T3, retinoic acid, peptides, etc) act as—or in conjunction with— enhancers or silencers (Chapter 43). Other processes that enhance or silence gene expression—such as the response to heat shock, heavy metals (Cd and Zn +), and some toxic chemicals (eg, dioxin)—are mediated through specific regulatory elements. Tissue-specific expression of genes (eg, the albumin gene in liver, the hemoglobin gene in reticulocytes) is also mediated by specific DNA sequences. 

Halton, D.W., Shaw, C., Maule, A.G. and Smart, D. (1994) Regulatory peptides in helminth parasites. Advances in Parasitology 34, 164-227. 

Bacitracin biosynthesis requires a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase with three major protein components, BacABC. This synthetase has a modular structure. There are associated regulatory and transport systems. Biosynthesis of bacitracin has been engineered in the surrogate host, B. subtilis, by genetic techniques. A strain, B. subtilis KE 350, expresses the entire 49-kb bacitracin... 

Frokjaer, S. 2000. Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins. Taylor and Francis. Grindley, J. and Ogden, J. 2000. Understanding Biopharmaceuticals. Manufacturing and Regulatory Issues. Interpharm Press. 

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