Respiratory syncytial virus pathogens

The sera of mice fed with fresh spinach leaves infected with AlMV particles presenting a rabies virus epitope contained IgG and IgA. Mucosal IgA was also detected [48]. Human volunteers (in FDA approved trials) fed with spinach containing recombinant particles generated both IgG and IgA responses specific to the pathogen [49]. The trials also suggested that plant virus particle-based vaccines could be effectively used in prime-boost regimens. In more recent work, recombinant AlMV particles containing an epitope from the G protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induced protective immunity in mice [33]. 

Respiratory viruses are by far the most common infectious agents associated with acute bronchitis. The common cold viruses, rhinovirus and coronavirus, and lower respiratory tract pathogens, including influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, account for the majority of cases. Mycoplasma pneumoniae also appears to be a frequent cause of acute bronchitis. Other bacterial causes include Chlamydia pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. 

Respiratory syncytial virus is the most common cause of bronchiolitis, accounting for up to 70% of all cases. Parainfluenza viruses are the second most common cause. Bacteria serve as secondary pathogens in only a small minority of cases. 

In contrast to antibacterial antibiotic therapy, inhibition of viral replication is usually difficult to achieve. Therefore preventive strategies, such as vaccination, are frequendy more successful and clinically important. However, vaccines are not available for all viruses furthermore, some viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), are ubiquitously present and usually not very pathogenic unless in an immunocompromised host. One strategy to combat viral infecdons in the immunocompromised host is the application of neutralizing mAbs. One such mAh is directed to the F protein of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which afflicts premature newborns with often severe pulmonary infections this mAh appears to be useful in such situations (91). Other mAbs to viral antigens are in development. 

Respiratory syncytial virus and other common respiratory pathogens (parainfluenza virus, adenovirus)... 

When sepsis is caused by a systemic viral infection, parenteral antivirals snch as acyclovir, ganciclovir, foscarnet, or ribavirin are used, depending on the suspected or documented viral pathogen. Aerosol administration of ribavirin may be indicated in serious illness secondary to respiratory syncytial virus. 

Respiratory syncytial virus is a member of the paramyxovirus family, a genera that includes metapneumovirus, measles and Newcastle disease viruses [21]. The discovery of RSV as a human pathogen began with an outbreak of coryza in chimpanzees, documented in 1956, which was quickly followed by the identification of the vims in infants presenting with bronchiolitis and pneumonia [22-25]. Epidemiological studies have established the patterns of outbreaks of RSV... 

Ma et al. [132] evaluated the antiviral activity in vitro of five glucoside secoiridoids, lucidumoside C (91), oleoside (78), oleuropein (81), ligustroside (82), and lucidumoside A (93) of Ligustrum lucidum to see if there were any correlation with the antioxidant activity above cited [53],Four strains of pathogenic viruses were used, simple herpes type 1 virus (HSV-1), influence type A virus (FluA), respiratory syncytial virus... 

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