Respiratory effects research

Asthma rates in children in Southern California are high and oxidant pollution levels are likewise high. It is important to determine the relationship between the two. It is also important to determine whether there are chronic pulmonary effects produced by either these oxidants and/or particulate pollution. Since children spend more time outdoors than adults and since they exercise more while outdoors, the added assault from increased ventilation may be of importance. The studies feature a comprehensive exposure assessment that has led to a better understanding of the relationship between exposure and effects. It is also important to identify sub-populations of children and adults who are more susceptible to air pollution-related respiratory effects if they exist. Altered susceptibility could be based on genetic or non-genetic mechanisms (nutritional status for example). Both the epidemiologic and chamber studies provide opportunities to examine issues of hypersusceptibility and to determine the reasons for it if it exists. 

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Many deleterious effects have been associated with photochemically polluted air ozone is deflnitely associated with respiratory problems, plant damage, and material damage PAN has deflnitely been associated with plant damage, and some other members of this class of chemical compounds have been associated with eye irritation the hydroxyl radical is considered to be an important factor in the conversion of gas-phase intermediates to end products, such as sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate the particulate complex is responsible for haze formation and has also been associated with eye irritation and respiratory effects. The aldehydes have been associated with eye irritation. Ozone and PAN themselves do not cause eye irritation. For purposes of control, much more research is needed, in order to relate the laboratory data about the concentrations of these various materials that have significant effects to their formation in the atmosphere from emission and their atmospheric distribution. The lack of convenient measurement methods has hindered progress in gaining this understanding. 

Researchers found an increase in volume of isoflow, a decrease in change in flow while breathing helium compared to air at 50% vital capacity, and the continued presence of abnormal chest radiographs. The study suggests that there may be long-term respiratory effects following aspiration of ingested kerosene. 

However, in individuals with increased intracranial pressure, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cor pulmonale, this decrease in respiratory function may not be tolerated. Opioid-induced respiratory depression remains one of the most difficult clinical challenges in the treatment of severe pain. Research is ongoing to understand and develop analgesic agents and adjuncts that avoid this effect. Research to overcome this problem is focused on 5 receptor pharmacology and serotonin signaling pathways in the brainstem respiratory control centers. 

Hildebrand S V, Arpin D, Cardinet G III 1990 Contracture test and histologic and histochemical analyses of muscle biopsy specimens from horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 196 1077-1083 Hubbell J A, Bednarski R M, Muir W W 1989 Xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50 737-742 llkiw J E, Haskins S C, Patz J D 1991 Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of thiopental administration in hypovolemic dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52 576-580... 

Muir W V /, Skarda R T, Sheehan W C 1979 Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of xylazine-morphine sulfate in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 40 1417-1420... 

Skarda R T, Muir W W 1996 Comparison of antinociceptive, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, head ptosis and position of pelvic limbs in mares after caudal epidural administration of xylazine and detomidine hydrochloride solution. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57 1338-1345... 

Skarda R T, Muir W W III 2001 Analgesic, hemodynamic, and respiratory effects Induced by caudal epidural administration of meperidine hydrochloride in mares. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62 1001-1007 Skarda R T, Muir W W III 2003 Comparison of... 

Steffey E P, Howland D Jr 1980 Comparison of circulatory and respiratory effects of isoflurane and halothane anesthesia in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41 821-825... 

The researches of van Heerswynghels (198) on the analeptic respiratory action of theophylline-ethylenediamine follow the clinical observations of amelioration of respiratory conditions under the influence of this substance. The intravenous injection of theophylline-ethylenediamine (48 mg./kg.) provokes a prolonged and intense respiratory stimulation. It also abolishes the depression caused by morphine or Evipan by acting on the respiratory center in the medulla. This respiratory stimulation is seen in dogs whose carotid sinuses have been denervated. Theophylline alone provokes a respiratory stimulation ethylenediamine acts similarly, but its effects are very transitory. There is a synergistic activity of the respiratory effects of these two substances. 

Freeman G. Ludemann H, Cornblath M, et al. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects of Acute Parathion Poisoning in Dogs with Particular Regard to Ventricular Fibrillation. Army Chemical Center, Md Medical Laboratories 1954. Medical Laboratory Research Report 303. 

Miyamoto K, Aida A, Nishimura M, et al. Gender effect on prognosis of patients receiving longterm home oxygen therapy. The Respiratory Failure Research Group in Japan. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995 152 972-976. 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Health Effects of Alpha-Emitting Particles in the Respiratory Tract, Report of AD Hoc Committee on Hot Particles, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 520/4-76-013, October 1976. 

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