Clinical observations

For radiation doses <0.5 Sv, there is no clinically observable iacrease ia the number of cancers above those that occur naturally (57). There are two risk hypotheses the linear and the nonlinear. The former implies that as the radiation dose decreases, the risk of cancer goes down at roughly the same rate. The latter suggests that risk of cancer actually falls much faster as radiation exposure declines. Because risk of cancer and other health effects is quite low at low radiation doses, the iacidence of cancer cannot clearly be ascribed to occupational radiation exposure. Thus, the regulations have adopted the more conservative or restrictive approach, ie, the linear hypothesis. Whereas nuclear iadustry workers are allowed to receive up to 0.05 Sv/yr, the ALARA practices result ia much lower actual radiatioa exposure. 

Ei addition, clinical observations in EFN-a-treated hqiatitis C or melanoma patients have suggested a promoting effect of type I EFN in autoreactive skin disorders such as Lichen planus. This inflammatory skin disease was, however, not restricted to EFN-a treated patients but was found to be associated with expression by so far unknown mechanisms of the EFN-induced MxA... 

Fisher MMD Clinical observations on the pathophysiology and treatment of anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse. Anesth Intensive Care 1986 17 17-21. Galli S (ed) Anaphylaxis. Novartis Foundation Symposium 157. Chichester, Wiley, 2004. Gronemeyer W Noradrenalin statt Adrenalin beim anaphylaktischen Schock. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1980 102 101. 

Aronow, R. Micelli, J.N. and Done, A.K. Clinical observations during phencyclidine intoxication and treatment based on iontrapping. In Peterson, R.C. and Stillman, R.C., eds. 

Clinical Observations in the Treatment of Adolescent and Young Adult PCP Abusers... 

Russ, C., and Wong, D. Diagnosis and treatment of the phencyclidine psychosis Clinical observations. J. Psvchedel i c Drugs... 

Marcos, L. R. Cancro, R. (1982). Pharmacotherapy of Hispanic depressed patients clinical observations. Am. J. Psychother., 36, 505-12. 

Examples abound regarding the role of serendipity in the discovery of new therapeutic approaches, which on closer examination usually turned out to be the result of clinicians paying attention to unexpected clinical effects rather than discounting them. For example, lithium was tried first for hypertension, chlorpro-mazine was initially developed as an anesthetic, and imipramine was originally regarded as an antihistamine and an antipsychotic agent. Without astute clinical observations, these drugs would not have found their niche, nor would clozapine have been revived for the benefit of millions of the most difficult to treat schizophrenic patients. Other examples include the expanded indications of newer... 

An increase in plethora and focal dystrophic changes in the endocrine system matches clinical observations of changes in adrenal and thyroid function, as well as changes in local and general vascular dystonia, all detected in humans poisoned by OCP. Morphological changes in the brain s nerve cells conform to information on the disruption of reflex activity in the early stages of OCP exposure. 

The roots are used as an astringent, resolving anodyne and antidotal. It is also used to heal abscesses, assuage postpartum pain, and remove parasites from the skin. The plant was mentioned by Schimmel in the American Journal of Pharmacy in 1889. Clinical observation and pharmacological investigation of the sedative and hypnotic effects of the Chinese drug rhizome and root of Patrinia scabiosaefolia are discussed by Luo (43). 

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