Theophylline ethylenediamine

For many years oral xanthines, shown in Table 2, were the preferred first-line treatment for asthma in the United States, and if the aerosol and oral formulations of P2" go sts are considered separately, as they are in Table 1, this was still the case in 1989. Within this class of compounds theophylline (8), or one of its various salt forms, such as aminophylline [317-34-0] (theophylline ethylenediamine 2 l), have been the predominant agents. Theophylline, 1,3-dimethylxanthine [58-55-9], is but one member of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids. Two more common alkaloids are theobromine (9), isomeric with theophylline and the principal alkaloid in cacao beans, and caffeine, (10), 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine [58-08-2], found in coffee and tea. 

Theophilline is also a minor constituent of tea, but is prepared by direct chemical synthesis for medical use. It functions to relax smooth muscle and, therefore, can be used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. Aminophylline is a derivative of theophilline (theophylline ethylenediamine), which is often used in place of theophilline due to its greater aqueous solubility. 

Theophylline is 1,3-dimethylxanthine theobromine is 3,7-dimethylxanthine and caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine. A theophylline preparation commonly used for therapeutic purposes is aminophylline, a theophylline-ethylenediamine complex. The clinical use of theophylline is discussed below. The metabolic products, partially demethylated xanthines (not uric acid), are excreted in the urine. 

Aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine), given intravenously, is used in patients with status asthmaticus who do not respond to epinephrine. In addition, epinephrine may be administered subcutaneously for acute asthma attacks. Epinephrine may also be given along with theophylline. It is thought that the bronchodilation is associated with me enhanced concentration of cyclic AMP, which is metabolized according to the following sequence ... 

Aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine, 79% theophylline) (generic, others)... 

Q10 Other bronchodilator agents include nebulized ipratropium. Ipratropium is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that helps to relax bronchial smooth muscle which has contracted via parasympathetic stimulation. The xanthines theophylline and aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) are alternative bronchodilator agents. These agents may act as phosphodiesterase inhibitors and, although they have been used as bronchodilators for many years, adverse CNS, GI and cardiovascular effects may limit their usefulness. 

Synonyms. Euphyllinum Metaphyllin Theophyllaminum Theophylline and Ethylenediamine Theophylline Ethylenediamine Compound. Proprietary Names. Aminodur Aminophyl Androphyllin Cardophyllin Carine Corophyllin Euphyllin Inophyline (injection) Lixaminol Mini-lix Phyllocontin Phyllotemp Somophyllin. It is an ingredient of Amesec, and Theodrox. 

Theophylline, 1011 in sport, 98 (metabolite), 421 quantification in plasma, 26 therapeutic drug monitoring, 110 Theophylline, anhydrous, 1011 Theophylline cholinate, 1011 Theophylline ethylenediamine compound, 1011 Theophylline hydrate, 1011 Theophylline monoethanolamine, 1011 Theophylline monohydrate, 1011 Theophylline olamine, 1011 Theophylline sodium aminoacetate, 1011 Theophylline sodium glycinate, 1011 Theophylline-7-acetic acid, 310 Theophylline-aminoisobutanol, 408 Theospan, 1011 Theovent, 1011 Thephorin, 880 Theralax, 397 Theralene, 1046 Therapav, 848... 

Although both compounds arc quite. soluble in hot water (e.g., caffeine 1 6 at 8(I"C). neither is very soluble in water at room temperature (caffeine about 1 40. theophylline about 1 120). Consequently, a variety of mixtures or complexes designed to increase solubility are available (e.g.. citrated caffeine, caffeine and sodium benzoate, and theophylline ethylenediamine compound aminophylline ). 

MUSCLE relaxant, CARDIAC STIMULANT and VASODILATOR properties. Clinically, it can be used as a BRONCHODILATOR in treating obstructive airways disease, including as an ANTIASTHMATIC in acute attacks. It is often used in the form of derivatives, especially aminophylline. theophylline ethylenediamine aminophylline. theophylline sodium glycinate [usan] is a compound of theophylline with sodium glycinate. It has CARDIAC STIMULANT, SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXANT and VASODILATOR properties. 

The methylxanthines consist of aminophylline, dyphyl-line, enprofylline, and pentoxifylline. Aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine) is the most widely used of the soluble theophyllines. Its main therapeutic effect is bronchodilation. In addition, it causes CNS stimulation, cardiac acceleration, diuresis, and gastric secretion. Aminophylline is available in an oral, rectal (pediatric), or intravenous solution, which is used in the treatment of status asthmaticus. Although it is a less effective bronchodilator than beta-adrenergic agonists, it is particularly useful in preventing nocturnal asthma (see also Figure 94). 

Methylxanthines have a few valid therapeutic uses, including treatment of asthma and relief of dyspnea (see Antiasthmatic agents). The CNS stimulatory effects are also utilized for the treatment of the prolonged apnea that may be observed in premature infants. Theophylline may be combined with doxapram (13) for this use (20). The methylxanthine most widely used therapeutically is theophylline, although caffeine may also be used. For parenteral administration, a salt of theophylline is employed. There are several salts available, including theophylline ethylenediamine (aminophylline [317-34-0]) and oxtriphylline (choline theophyllinate). Other synthetic xanthines that are used include dyphylline [479-18-5] and enprofylline [410784)2-8] (21). Caffeine is obtained in pure form from tea waste, from the manufacture of caffeine coffee, and by total synthesis (22,23). 

The researches of van Heerswynghels (198) on the analeptic respiratory action of theophylline-ethylenediamine follow the clinical observations of amelioration of respiratory conditions under the influence of this substance. The intravenous injection of theophylline-ethylenediamine (48 mg./kg.) provokes a prolonged and intense respiratory stimulation. It also abolishes the depression caused by morphine or Evipan by acting on the respiratory center in the medulla. This respiratory stimulation is seen in dogs whose carotid sinuses have been denervated. Theophylline alone provokes a respiratory stimulation ethylenediamine acts similarly, but its effects are very transitory. There is a synergistic activity of the respiratory effects of these two substances. 

The analeptic action of theophylline-diethanolamine is much less effective in the rabbit than that of theophylline-ethylenediamine. Diethanolamine scarcely modifies the respiratory rate and amplitude but it slightly increases the total respiratory volume. This phenomenon is seen equally with or without denervation of the chemoceptors of the carotid sinuses (200). 

Theophylline-ethylenediamine and theophylline-sodium acetate dilate the isolated bronchi of the guinea pig and abolish the spasm caused by... 

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