Atmosphere distribution

EPA. 1979a. Atmospheric distributions, sources and sinks of selected halocarbons, hydrocarbons, SFg, and N2O. Research Triangle Park, NC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, 24-33. EPA 600/3-79-107. 

M.S. Majewsld and P.D. Capel, Pesticides in the Atmosphere Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Ml, Chapt. 2 (1995). 

The Level II calculation (Fig. 4) has the same distribution as Fig. 3. The inflow of 1.30 m mol/h is largely removed by advection (1.284 m mol/h) with contributions by sediment burial (.0074 m mol/h), by sediment reaction (.0030 m mol/h) and by water reaction (.0006 m mol/h). This assumes that water to air transfer is rapid thus providing a resistance to this transfer, as in level III will alter the fate considerably. Atmospheric distribution of PCBs is likely to be important. The residence time of 400 h is largely controlled by air advection. 

Volkening J, Baumann H, Heumann KG. 1988. Atmospheric distribution of particulate lead over the Atlantic Ocean lfom Europe to Antarctica. Atmos Environ 22 1169-1174. 

A Recoil Model That Accounts for The Pb-214 Shift. The following equations describe an empirical model that outlines the hypothesis more formally. First, the radon daughters are defined in terms of their atmospheric distributions at some time during their life ... 

Semeena VS, Lammel G (2005) Significance of the grasshopper effect on the atmospheric distribution of persistent organic substances. Geophysical Research Letters 32 Senthilkumar K, Ohi E, Sajwan K, Takasuga T, Kannan K (2007) Perfluorinated compounds in river water, river sediment, market fish, and wildlife samples from japan. Bull of Environ Contain Toxicol 79 427 131... 

All of the above particulate investigations were based on mini-radiocarbon measurement techniques, with sample masses typically in the range of 5-10 mg-carbon. This constituted a major advantage, because it was practicable to select special samples (given region, source impact, sediment depth) and to further subject such samples to physical (size) or chemical separation before 14C measurement. This type of "serial selectivity" provides maximum information content about the samples and in fact it is essential when information is sought for the sources or atmospheric distributions of pure chemical species, such as methane or elemental carbon. 

Ockenden, W.A. Sweetman, A.J. Prest, H.E Steinnes, E. Jones, K.C. 1998b, Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time-integrated passive samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 2795-2803. 

Many deleterious effects have been associated with photochemically polluted air ozone is deflnitely associated with respiratory problems, plant damage, and material damage PAN has deflnitely been associated with plant damage, and some other members of this class of chemical compounds have been associated with eye irritation the hydroxyl radical is considered to be an important factor in the conversion of gas-phase intermediates to end products, such as sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate the particulate complex is responsible for haze formation and has also been associated with eye irritation and respiratory effects. The aldehydes have been associated with eye irritation. Ozone and PAN themselves do not cause eye irritation. For purposes of control, much more research is needed, in order to relate the laboratory data about the concentrations of these various materials that have significant effects to their formation in the atmosphere from emission and their atmospheric distribution. The lack of convenient measurement methods has hindered progress in gaining this understanding. 

Wang P, Wang SL, Fan CQ (2008) Atmospheric distribution of particulate and gas phase phthalic esters (PAEs) in a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, East China. Chemosphere 72 1567-1572... 

Figure 2. Atmospheric distributions of HO. A, vertical distribution. (Reproduced with permission from reference 45. Copyright 1978.) B, diurnal cycle at 45°N and 0-kin altitude. (Reproduced with permission from reference 1.

Chester, R. et al. (1993b) The atmospheric distributions of trace metals, trace organics and nitrogen species over the North Sea. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 343B, 543-556. 

Singh, H.B., Salas, L.J., Shigeishi, H., Smith, A.J., Scribner, E. (1979) Atmospheric Distributions, Sources, and Sinks of Selected Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, SFe, andN20. Final Report U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency,EPA-600/3-79-107. Project 4487, SRI International Menlo Park, California. 

Shen, L. Wania, R Lei, Y.D. Teixiera, C. Muir, D.C.G. Bidleman, T.F., Atmospheric distribution and long-range transport behavior of organochlorine pesticides in North America Environ. Sci Technol. 2005, 38, 409-420. 

The Poisson equation (XV.7.1) is solved in cylindrical coordinates for the atmosphere distribution around a spherically imbedded point dipole. Actually Amis and Jaff4 use only one of the special solutions rather than the general solution to the equation. L. C. Bateman et ah, J. Chem. Soc.f 979 (1940), have shown that the activity coefficient /n of a dipole will vary as log /d AulD T in the limiting form. Here m is the ionic strength of the solution. This relation has not been verified quantitatively. 

How is this equal and opposite charge of the ion atmosphere distributed in the space around the central ion It is seen from Eqs. (3.35) and (3.36) that the net charge in a spherical shell of thickness dr and at a distance r from the origin is... 

More simultaneous measurements of NH3 in the ocean and in the atmosphere are needed to reduce the considerable uncertainties of the ocean/atmosphere flux estimates. The ongoing acidification of the ocean will shift the NH3/NH4 equilibrium to NH. On the one hand this might have implication for the atmospheric distribution of NH3, since the uptake capacity of the ocean will be increased with unknown consequences for chemistry of the atmosphere (e.g. the aerosol formation) over the ocean. On the other hand this might have severe implications for the nitrification rates in seawater because they are influenced by the pH. When the pH drops from 8 to 7, nitrification rates can be reduced by 50% (Huesemann et al., 2002). (One explanation for this is that the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme uses rather NH3 than NH4 as substrate.) Most recently it was suggested that atmospheric NH3 serves as a foraging cue for seabirds such as the blue petrel (Nevitt ei a/., 2006) is an excretion product of... 

Majewski M. S. and Capel P. D. (1995) Pesticides in the Atmosphere—Distribution, Trends and Governing Factors. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 214p. 

The environmental distribution of antimony is wide, and it has been estimated that the atmospheric distribution resulting from man s activities (fossil fuels, mining, etc.) is greater than from natural sources. Most of the forms are simple inorganics in the form of oxides and oxoanions. Although some methylantimony species are found, their mode of production is not clear and attempts to demonstrate biological methylation have been inconclusive. 

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