Resins balsam tolu

Toluene [108-88-3]> C7Hg, is a colorless, mobile liquid with a distinctive aromatic odor somewhat milder than that of benzene. The name toluene derives from a natural resin, balsam of Tolu, named for a small town in Colombia, South America. Toluene was discovered among the degradation products obtained by heating this resin. 

Balsam Tolu. Thomas balsam opobalsam resin Tolu. Ftom Toluifera balsamum L. (Myroxylon tolulferum H. B. K ), Leguminosae. Habit. South America (Venezuela, Colomhia, Peru) on elevated plains and mountains. Constit. 12-15% free cinnamic and benzoic acids about 40% benzyl, etc., estets of these acids (5.2-13.4% cinnamein) 1.5-3% volatile oil. Ref Rosenthaler, Pharm. Ztg-Nachr. 88, 716 (1952). C.A. 47, 5076 (1953). 

R/8602H] Resinfusion 8610] Resinfusion 8611. See Epoxy resin Resin guaiac. See Guaiac gum Resinogum DD. See Dammar Resinoid 1382. See Phenolic resin Resinoid benzoin. See Gum benzoin Resin olibanum. SeeOlibanum Resins, Manila elemi. See Elemi gum Resin tolu. See Balsam tolu (Myroxylon balsamum)... 

Toluqinol. See Toluhydroquinone Tolu resin. See Balsam tolu (Myroxylon balsamum)... 

Aromatic compounds are currently defined as cyclic hydrocarbons in which the carbon skeleton is linked by a specified number of conjugated 71-bonds in addition to a-bonds (Hiickel s rule). During the early days of industrial aromatic chemistry in the mid-19th century, the structure of aromatic compounds had not yet been elucidated. The name of this class of compounds is historically-based since the first members were obtained from aromatic, i.e. pleasant-smelling resins, balsams and oils examples of this are benzoic acid, which was obtained from gum benzoin, toluene from tolu balsam and benzaldehyde from oil of bitter almonds. 

Synonyms opobalsam resin Tolu Thomas balsam Tolu balsams oil of Tolu balsam resinoid Tolu balsam Tolu balsam gum Tolu balsani oil Tolu oil Tolu resin Tolu resinoid Myroxylom balsanum L. absolute Tolu balsam absolute Balsamum tolutanum Balsarnum americanum Tolutanischer balsam Myroxylon toluiferum L Tolu balsam extract Tolu balsam resinoid Tolu balsam alva essence... 

Common/vernacular names Balsam tolu, opobalsam resin tolu, Thomas balsam, and tolu balsam. 

ALT AND AST. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase are enzymes located in liver cells that leak out into the general circulation when liver cells are injured. Previously known as the SGPT (serum glutamic-pymvic transaminase) and the SCOT (serum glutaic-oxaloacetic transaminase), respectively ATPASE. Adenosine triphosphatase BALSAMS. Mixtures of resins that contain relatively large amounts of cinnamic or benzoic acid or their esters. Typical balsams are balsam Peru, balsam Tolu, styrax, and benzoin. Canada balsam, Oregon balsam, and copaiba balsam are not true balsams since they do not contain benzoic or cinnamic acid or their esters. Balsams are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol... 

Compounds related to benzene were obtained from similar plant extracts Eor example a pleasant smelling resin known as tolu balsam was obtained from the South American tolu tree In the 1840s it was discovered that distillation of tolu balsam gave a methyl derivative of benzene which not surprisingly came to be named... 

Benzoic acid in the free state, or in the form of simple derivatives such as salts, esters, and amides, is widely distributed in nature. Gum benzoin (from styrax ben in) may contain as much as 20% benzoic acid in the free state or in combinations easily broken up by heating. Acaroid resin (from anthorrhoca haslilis) contains from 4.5 to 7%. Smaller amounts of the free acid are found in natural products including the scent glands of the beaver, the bark of the black cherry tree, cranberries, pmnes, ripe cloves, and oil of anise seed. Pern and Tolu balsams contain benzyl benzoate the latter contains free benzoic acid as well. The urine of herbivorous animals contains a small proportion of the glycine derivative of benzoic acid, hippuric acid [495-69-2] (CgH CONHCH2COOH). So-called natural benzoic acid is not known to be available as an item of commerce. 

Tolu balsam resinoid is produced by extraction of the balsam of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms (Fabaceae). It is a dark orange brown mass with a sweet, resinous, long-lasting odor, reminiscent of hyacinth. An essential oil is also distilled from the balsam. 

Botany Bay Resin, said to be the produco of acaroie resinifem, is of a yellow hue, brittle, and of a slightly astringent taste. -It exhales a fragrant odor when heated, and dissolves In aloohol and ether. It resembles tolu balsam in containing cinnamic, and a small quantity of benzoio add. 

Benzyl Alcohol.—The simplest aromatic alcohol is the hydroxyl derivative of toluene and is known as benzyl alcohol, CeHs—CH2—OH. The radical, (CeHs—CH2—), is termed benzyl as in the alcohol and chloride above. The alcohol occurs as an ester in Peru balsam, in storax, a resin obtained from a plant sty rax, and in Tolu balsam from which the mother hydrocarbon toluene derives its name. On hydrolysis of the balsam benzyl alcohol is obtained. It is a liquid, b.p. 206.5°, slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol or ether. It may be prepared by those syntheses just given which yield primary alcohols. It may also be prepared by the reduction of the corresponding aldehyde, known as benzoic aldehyde or benzaldehyde (p. 655). On oxidation it yields the aldehyde and then an acid, benzoic acid. 

Which of the two is the cis form and which the trans form has not been determined. A third cinnamic acid, viz., iso-cinnamic acid, is also known, but the constitution of it has not been established. Cinnamic acid is found in nature in the resin storax both as the free acid and as the cinnamic alcohol ester, styrin. It is also found in Peru and Tolu balsams as the free acid and as the benzyl alcohol ester, the benzoic acid ester of benzyl alcohol being present also. Thus benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, cinnamic alcohol and cinnamic acid are all constituents of esters present in these plant resins. Allo-cinnamic acid, the geometric isomer, is obtained from coca leaves from which the alkaloid cocaine is also obtained (p. 896). When cinnamic acid is heated with lime it loses carbon dioxide and yields the unsaturated side-chain hydrocarbon st3rrene, or phenyl ethylene, CeHs—CH = CH2. On reduction it yields first cinnamic aldehyde, found in oil of cinnamon (p. 842) and then cinnamic alcohol. Both cinnamic acid and allo-cinnamic acid yield anhydrides. 

Resins, Oleoresins, Gum Resins, and Balsams.—These substances represent products of metabolism in many plants which are formed either normally as Turpentine, Asafcetida, Mastiche, etc., or as a result of pathological processes through injury to the plant tissues as Styrax, Benzoin, Balsam of Tolu and Peru, etc. They occur usually in special cavities such as secretion cells, glands, or secretion reservoirs. 

Balsams are mixtures of resins with cinnamic or benzoic acid or both and generally a volatile oil. Examples Balsamum Tolu-tanum, Styrax, Balsamum Peruvianum. 

Tolutaimm balsamum Tolu balsam Myroxylon balsamum (L.) HARMS var. balsamum Fabaceae Leguminosae HELV VII, USP XXII, MD About 7.59I1 cinnamein , a mixture of benzoyl benzoate (4%-13%) and cinnaraoyl benzoate (1-3%) about 80% resin (mostly cinnamic esters of toiuresitannol), citmamic acid, benzoic acid, vanillin, eugenol... 

Benzoic acid—Acidum benzoicum (TJ. S.)—C Ht(COOH)—132— exists ready foruied in benzoin, tolu balsam, castoreum, and several resins. It does not exist in animal nature, so far as is at present known in those situations in which it has been found, it has resulted from decomposition of hippurio acid (.q.v.), or has been introduced from without. AVhen taken in moderate doses, it does not pass out in its own form, but is converted into hip-purie acid in excessive doses a portion is eliminated unchanged in the urine. It is obtained from benzoin, or from the urine of herbivorous animals and is formed in a variety of reactions. 

Benzoic Acid, CeHs.COOH, occurs in gum-benzoin, in many resins, in the balsams of Peru and Tolu, in cranberries, in coal-tar, and in combination with glycine as hippuric acid in the urine of herbivorous animals. It may be made by the general synthetic methods which have been described. It is prepared for use in pharmacy bysublimination from gum-benzoin. It is manufactured on the large scale from toluene, and is a by-product in the preparation of benzaldehyde. Toluene is converted by direct oxidation into benzoic acid. As benzyl chloride, C6H5.CH2CI, is more readily oxidized than toluene, the latter is first treated with chlorine, and then heated with dilute nitric acid. It has been shown recently that if a mixture of air and the vapor of toluene is passed over vanadium oxide at about 400° the hydrocarbon is oxidized to benzoic acid. 

Like benzene, toluene was also discovered in the pyrolysis of a renewable raw material, by Pierre J. Pelletier and Philippe Walter in 1837, during investigations into the by-products from the manufacture of illumination gas from pine resin. The name is derived from the small harbor-town of Tolu in Columbia, where Tolu balsam is produced. Henri Saint-Claire Deville was the first to produce toluene by destructive distillation of this renewable raw material in 1838. 

Balsam bol-s3m [L balsamum, fr. Gk bal-samon, prob. of Semitic origin akin to Hebrew basham balsam] (before 12c) n. Oleoresinous exudations from plants, which are characterized by softness or a semi liquid consistency. They consist of mixtures of resin, essential oils, and other compounds. Typical balsams are Canada, gurjun, Peru, tolu, and storax balsams. Merriam-Webster s collegiate dictionary, 11th edn. Merriam-Webster Inc., Spring-field, MA, 2004. 

It turned out that many of these aromatic substances have rather simple structures. Many contain a six-carbon unit that passes unscathed through various chemical reactions that alter only the rest of the structure. This group, CgHs—, is common to many substances, including benzaldehyde (isolated from the oil of bitter almonds), benzyl alcohol (isolated from gum benzoin, a balsam resin obtained from certain Southeast Asian trees), and toluene (a hydrocarbon isolated from tolu balsam). When any of these three compounds is oxidized, the QH5 group remains intact the product is benzoic acid (another constituent of gum benzoin). The calcium salt of this acid, when heated, yields the parent hydrocarbon QHg (eq. 4.1). 

Toluene (Tuluol) Kal-yo- wen n [F toluene fr. tolu balsam fr. the tropical America tree Myroxylon balsamum, fr. Sp tolu, fr. Santiago de Tolu, Colombia] (1871) (toluol, methylbenzene, methylbenzol) H3CC6H5. A colorless, flammable liquid with a sharp, benzene-like odor, used as a solvent for ceUulosics, vinyl organosols, and other resins and is used in the manufacture of coatings. Toulene is also a synthesis intermediate for polyurethanes and polyesters. The commercial product has a boiling range, 105-112°C ftp, 50°C vp, 26 mmHg/30°C. The term toluol is still used commercially but is not preferred. 

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