Volume yield

When investigating the suitability of a particular resin-bound separations process, the following factors are often important (i) resin consumption (ii) solvent usage (iii) productivity-chemical, optical and volume yields (iv) total number of separations steps and (v) capital costs. For any particular process, these factors differ in their relative importance. However, when evaluating a new separations method it is useful to examine each of these factors. The nonchromatographic separation method... 

Apparently, crosslinks between the molecular chains do not interfere with the yield process in the activation volume. Yielding involves the cooperative movement of about 10 to 20 chain segments, if the average volume of one segment measures about 0.15 nm3. Such a volume seems to be reasonable according to molecular parameters [73-75]. 

The cost price of a bulk chemical is determined primarily by the cost of raw materials, which could represent > 80% of the total costs. Process development/improvement in bulk chemicals is, hence, focused on decreasing these variable costs, e.g. for a product with a volume of 100,000 tpa and a raw materials quote of 2/kg, 1% increase in yield corresponds to savings of 2 million per annum. In fine chemicals, in contrast, emphasis is placed on the reduction of fixed costs, which are relatively high, by process simplification. For example, for a product with a volume of 100 tpa and fixed costs of 40/kg, if the volume yield (amount produced per unit reactor volume) is doubled, this corresponds to savings of 2 million per annum. 

A material balance on this differential reactor volume yields the following result. 

A more careful analysis taking into account vapor nonideality through the second virial coefficient and the isotope effect on condensed phase molar volume yields Equation 5.16... 

The production of pharmaceutical proteins using hairy roots and rhizosecretion technology represents a safe and viable alternative to the use of whole plants for molecular pharming. As an example of the efficiency of this system, Medina-Bolivar and Cramer (2004) expressed the reporter protein GFP in tobacco hairy root cultures using a plastic sleeve bioreactor with a 5 L volume. Yields of 500 pg GFP/L after 21 days of incubation or 20% of total secreted protein were produced using this expression system, suggesting that rhizosecretion offers a promising production system for the production of biopharmaceuticals. 

Single-base casting powder the casting powder consists of nitrocellulose, stabilizer, solid additives for ballistic modification, and a small amount of plasticizer. The normal ratio of casting powder to casting solvent, 2 1 by volume, yields a final composition of approximately 60% nitrocellulose. 

At ordinary temperatures lead chloride does not absorb ammonia, but if cooled to —78° C. and saturated with liquid ammonia, the salt increases to about five times its volume, yielding a white powder of composition PbCl2.8NH3. On raising the temperature loss of ammonia occurs, with the production of lower ammines. 

Note that for the derivation of Eq. 5-22 we have adopted a very simple characteristic atomic volume contribution method estimating Vt (see Box 5.1), which we denote as Vix. Since the various methods commonly used to assess molar volumes yield quite different absolute values (see e.g., Mackay et al., 1992-1997), Vix values in cm3 mol-1 calculated by this method should be used when applying Eq. 5-22. Hence, if, in addition to Vix, p L, nDi, p a and b, are known or can be estimated for a given... 

In addition to overall mass conservation, we are concerned with the conservation laws for individual chemical species. Beginning in a way analogous to the approach for the overall mass-conservation equation, we seek an equation for the rate of change of the mass of species k, mk. Here the extensive variable is N = mu and the intensive variable is the mass fraction, T = mk/m. Homogeneous chemical reaction can produce species within the system, and species can be transported into the system by molecular diffusion. There is convective transport as well, but it represented on the left-hand side through the substantial derivative. Thus, in the Eulerian framework, using the relationship between the system and the control volume yields... 

Taking the derivative with respect to volume yields the result... 

In the application of the steady-state Reynolds transport theorem the intensive variable is the mass fraction Yk. Evaluating the integrals on the differential control volume yields... 

Turning again to the Reynolds transport theorem, relating the flowing system to the control volume yields... 

In addition to price and ease of handling the nature of the coproduct and the percentage available oxygen are important considerations. The former is important from an environmental viewpoint and the latter influences the volume yield (kg product per unit reactor volume per unit time). The oxidant of choice for fine chemicals manufacture is often 30% H202 since it is relatively... 

Solutions of the mass balances with appropriate constitutive rate expressions for r(i, j), r(r, j), r(e, j), and r(rxt, j) for all components within the control volume yield the deposition rate and composition of the film. 

Product Enzyme Reaction Volume, yield S.t.y. [g(l-drt Reference... 

Figure 3. Average volume yield of H2 production Vs incident horizontal solar irradiation...

Furthermore, Logers et al.24 were able to optimize this rather linear route to manufacture highly pure sorafinib tosylate (19), the API of Naxavar, on an industry scale. Optimizations were made to improve on the industry employability, environmental compatibility, safety and volume yields, as detailed below. 

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