Wood energy

BioFuel Energy - Pioneer Trail Energy Wood River NE 115... 

Employed for thousands of years as a structural material or source of energy, wood is still a preferred construction material because of its mechanical properties and its visual aspect. The diversity of wood species throughout the world and the elevated world production makes an abundant material, available in almost all countries. 

Clearcut postharvest residue volumes were compared to thinning harvest residue volumes for UK upland spruce plantations with 44.7 ODMT/ha )deld volume for clearcut and 18.0 ODMT/ha yield volume for thinned stands [1]. Watson et al. [3] quantified the energy-wood biomass available on two 22-year-old slash pine plantations and a 45-year-old natural stand of mixed slash and loblolly pine in Alabama. All stands were being clearcut for pulpwood. Two harvesting methods were applied, a one-pass system and a two-pass system. Mean residue harvest volume for the two plantation pine stands was 75.4 green metric tons per hectare (GMT/ha) for the natural mature stand the mean harvest volume was 61.5 GMT/ha. 

Let assume that it is possible to define a function 0(G) > 0 which allows assessing G. For example, for electric power systems infrastrucUire, such function is generally related to the ability of the system to provide an adequate supply of electrical energy [Wood and Wollenberg, 1996 BiUinton. and Li, 1994]. 

Gunnells, D.W. Gardner, DJ. Wolcott, M.P. (1994). Temperature Dependence of Wood Surface Energy. Wood and Fibre Science, Vol.26, No.4, pp. 447-455. 

The cleaning process proceeds by one of three primary mechanisms solubilization, emulsification, and roll-up [229]. In solubilization the oily phase partitions into surfactant micelles that desorb from the solid surface and diffuse into the bulk. As mentioned above, there is a body of theoretical work on solubilization [146, 147] and numerous experimental studies by a variety of spectroscopic techniques [143-145,230]. Emulsification involves the formation and removal of an emulsion at the oil-water interface the removal step may involve hydrodynamic as well as surface chemical forces. Emulsion formation is covered in Chapter XIV. In roll-up the surfactant reduces the contact angle of the liquid soil or the surface free energy of a solid particle aiding its detachment and subsequent removal by hydrodynamic forces. Adam and Stevenson s beautiful photographs illustrate roll-up of lanoline on wood fibers [231]. In order to achieve roll-up, one requires the surface free energies for soil detachment illustrated in Fig. XIII-14 to obey... 

Wood, R.H. Continuum electrostatics in a computational universe with finite cut-off radii and periodic boundary conditions Correction to computed free energies of ionic solvation. J. Chem. Phys. 103 (1995) 6177-6187. 

The major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids pro terns nucleic acids and carbohydrates Carbohydrates are very familiar to us— we call many of them sugars They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running Carbohy drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees Genetic information is stored and transferred by way of nucleic acids specialized derivatives of carbohydrates which we 11 examine m more detail m Chapter 28... 

Other includes net imports of coal coke and electricity produced from wood, waste, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal sources connected to electric utihty distribution systems. It does not include consumption of wood energy other than that consumed by electric utiUty industry. 

An estimated additional 2.5 EJ of wood energy was consumed for residential heating and light industry. 

The chemical characteristics of biomass vary over a broad range because of the many different types of species. Table 8 compares the typical analyses and energy contents of land- and water-based biomass, ie, wood, grass, kelp, and water hyacinth, and waste biomass, ie, manure, urban refuse, and primary sewage sludge, with those of cellulose, peat, and bituminous coal. Pure cellulose, a representative primary photosynthetic product, has a carbon content of... 

Table 30. Net Energy Analysis of Short-Rotation Wood Biomass Production ...

Operation Energy consumed per dry wood produced, MT/t Total consumption, %... 

Hagerstown 202 hybrid poplar wastewater disposal site, energy use of wood plaimed... 

Reynold Metals Co. 91 hybrid poplar 6 captive energy use of wood planned... 

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