Economic damage

The proper choice and appHcation of an insecticide for pest control are predicated upon factors, eg, the life history and ecology of the pest, the relation of pest population to economic damage, the effect of the insecticide on the pest or its plant or animal host, related organisms in the ecosystem, and proper timing of the appHcation to prevent illegal residues at harvest and to avoid damaging of bees and other pollinating insects. 

The most important health effects, in terms of economic damages that can be assigned monetary values, are premature mortality and increased incidence of chronic heart and lung disease. The air pollutants that have shown the strongest association with premature mortality and heart and lung disease are PM and airborne lead. PM has also been associated with hospital admissions, respiratory infections, and asthma attacks. Ozone has also been associated with mortality, hospital admissions, asthma attacks and respiratory restricted activity days (RADs), days on which a person cuts back on his or her normal activities, but does not necessarily miss work or stay in bed. S02 and NOx do not have such significant direct effects, though they do have... 

Degradation of the By causing mechanical damage or physical or cyber disruption, for purposes of causing severe direct or indirect economic damages... 

The results of these experiments suggest that overall economic effects on agricultural production could be extensive, depending on the sensitivity of cultivars used in production, and should be considered in the attempt to arrive at valid economic-damage functions for vegetation. 

Waddell, T. E. The Economic Damages of Air Pollution. EPA-600/5-74-012. Washington, D.C. Washington Environmental Research Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974. 156 pp. 

A serious incident is one in which serious personal injury or serious health, environmental, or economic damage could occur. Some examples of critical instruments and instrument systems are ... 

Apparently, a future direction for studies into climatic instability and related catastrophic events, like Hurricane Katrina (13 years after the most powerful in the history of Miami Hurricane Andrew) in late August 2005 did huge economic damage, completely flooding New Orleans and destroying many buildings, is a search for connections between temperature variations at different scales in different basins... 

Disinfestation means ridding rooms, objects and people of vermin (small life forms) that can transmit pathogens, cause economic damage or annoy man. ... 

Tisible symptoms of acute injury have been the principal means of identifying the effect of air pollutants on plants for well over a century. They have served as major factors in assessing the impact of man s activities on the total environment and have served as the basis for numerous estimates of economic damage to agricultural crops. Such estimates are admittedly crude because the total effect of air pollutants on growth and development is not indicated by symptoms of acute injury. Nevertheless, such evaluations are essential since adequate controls historically develop only after economic pollutant damage is well documented. 

Owing to the tremendous economic damage it can cause, corrosion has and continues to be the subject of extensive study especially with a view to its minimization at acceptable expense—economic and environmental. We attempt to give an idea of the forms of corrosion, how to investigate it by electrochemistry, and how it can be minimized, or at least reduced and controlled. As will be seen, given the complexity of corrosion processes, the mechanism of which can alter significantly depending on the local environment, the more specialized literature should be consulted for details on specific cases, for example Refs. 1-6. 

Production gains in arable crops mask economic damage to other industries, such as marine fisheries and honey production... 

The assessment of integral damage caused by implications of individual accidents was compared with some standard levels determined by the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). The INES scale, supplemented by expert assessments of economic damages, as applied to typical emergencies with decommissioning objects, is illustrated in Table 1. 

Causal agent Disease/symptoms Vector Economic damage... 

The economic damage threshold indicates the level of infection which is still just tolerable. This is exceeded when the fungal pathogen... 

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