Dislodgeable turf residues pesticides

Somewhat water-soluble pesticides such as acid herbicides will be washed from foliar surfaces and into subsurface soils by rainfall. For example, dislodge-able turf residues of 2,4-D after a 2.54-cm rainfall have been reported to be only 1-5% of those found at 4-8 h after application (Nishioka et al., 1996 USEPA, 1997c). However, dew or rain on aged turf residues may increase their dislodgeability (Nishioka et al, 1996). OP insecticides are semivolatile and will vaporize from surfaces after applications. Chlorpyrifos vaporizes rapidly from lawns if applied in aqueous formulations. Diazinon, which is used on lawns as well as indoors, dissipates even more rapidly. However, the persistence of OP... 

Sears, M.K., C. Bowhey, H. Braun, G.R. Stephenson (1987). Dislodgeable residues and persistence of diazinon, chlorpyrifos and isofenphos following their application to turf-grass, Pesticide Sci, 20, 223-231. 

Thompson D.G., G.R. Stephenson and M.K. Sears (1984). Persistence, distribution and dislodgeable residues of 2,4-D following its application to turf grass. Pesticide Sci., 15, 353-360. 

Pesticides may be tracked into the indoor environment after a certain outdoor apphcation [18, 19] or through transport from the workplace to the home (para-occupational or take-home exposure). Collection of floor dust both prior to and after lawn-apphed 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), indicated that turf residues are transported indoors [20]. Carpet dust levels of 2,4-D and dicamba and carpet surface dislodgeable residue levels were highly correlated with turf dislodgeable residue levels [21]. 

Cowell, J.E., S.A. Adams, J.L. Kunstman and M.G. Mueth (1993). Comparison of foliar and turf dislodgeable residue sampling techniques, in Pesticides in Urban Environments, K.D. Racke and A.R. Leslie (Eds), ACS Symposium Series 522, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 100-112. 

USEPA (1997b). Evaluation of Dislodgeable Residue Collection Methods for Pesticide Applications on Turf, Report No. 600/R-97/107, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA. 

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