Vegetables pesticide residues

CEC. 1976. Council directive of 23 November 1976 relating to the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables. Off J Euro Comm L340 26-31. 

Sheridan RS, Meola JR. 1999. Analysis of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and milk by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 82(4) 982-990. 

Rajukkannu K, Raj RR, Asaf AK, et al. 1976. Residues of endrin, parathion, carbaryl and endosulfan in vegetables. Pesticides 10 19-20. 

Each sample was analyzed for a specific set of compounds, corresponding to pesticide residues that might occur in the Suit or vegetable from use of one or more organophosphate insecticides on the growing crop. Insecticides of interest are listed in Table 1. 

One common objective of an LSMBS is to refine the estimates of actual exposure of consumers to ingredients or impurities in one or more products. For example, study results might be intended to determine a realistic human dietary exposure to pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables. The advent of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) has produced an enhanced focus on the exposure of children to pesticides. A well-designed and implemented LSMBS would afford the opportunity to delineate better the exposure and risk to children and other population subgroups. The LSMBS would provide consumer-level data at or near the point of consumption, allowing the refined, relevant, and realistic assessments of dietary exposure. 

In general, an LSMBS is intended to address the properties of products at the consumer level. In the discussion below, the property is pesticide residues, and the product is commercially available fresh fruits and vegetables. However, similar considerations apply to the selection of other types of properties in other products, such as ingredients in hand lotions. 

SFE of fruits and vegetables and meat products has been reported, but the sample preparation techniques necessary to obtain reproducible results are extremely time consuming. Solid absorbents such as Hydromatrix, Extrelut " anhydrous magnesium sulfate or absorbent polymers are required to control the level of water in the sample for the extraction of the nonpolar pesticides. Without the addition of Hydromatrix, nonpolar pesticides cannot penetrate the water barrier between the sample particles and the supercritical CO2. The sample is normally frozen and the addition of dry-ice may be required to reduce losses due to degradation and/or evaporation. Thorough reviews of the advantages and limitations of SFE in pesticide residues... 

Alba et al. used ethyl acetate to extract imidacloprid residues from fruits and vegetables. A 15-g sample of vegetable or fruit is weighed into a blender tube and 60 mL of ethyl acetate and 15g of sodium sulfate are added. The mixture is homogenized for 30 s, using a Polytron, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated and the residue obtained is dissolved in acetonitrile-water (1 1, v/v). Alba etal. considered the low recoveries of these polar pesticides as the major disadvantage of the acetone extraction method. In their previous work they evaluated the efficacy of ethyl acetate for the extraction of pesticide residues. 

Table 14.2 Frequency of pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables by market claim, excluding the residues of banned organochlorines PDP 1993-2004... 

Table 14.4 Number of pesticide residues found by market claim and average number of residues in selected fruits and vegetables tested by the USDA s Pesticide Data Program PDP 2004... 

Klein, B. (2004). (Inter-cantonal monitoring on pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables 2002-2004) Rapport Inter-cantonal sur des Residus depesticides en Fruits et legumes 2002-2003, Rapport des Laboratoires Cantonales GE et VD of Switzerland. 

Mirex residues were detected in food samples analyzed as part of the FDA Pesticide Residue Monitoring Studies conducted from 1978--1982 of 49,877 food samples and from 1982-1986 of 49,055 food samples however, the frequency of detection was unspecified but was <1 and 2% respectively (Yess et al. 1991a, 1991b). A similar 1985 analysis of foods grown in Ontario, Canada, failed to detect any mirex or photomirex in any of the vegetable, fruit, milk, egg, or meat products tested (Davies 1988). Mirex was also detected in the FDA Pesticide Residue Monitoring Study from 1986-1987 however, the frequency of detection was unspecified but less than 1% (FDA 1988). 

Young S, Clower M Jr, Roach JAG. 1984. Method for determination of organohalogen pesticide residues in vegetable oil refinery by-products. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 67(1) 95-106. 

Results from imported foods were somewhat similar, although violation rates were higher and the rates of residue detection were lower. Of the 4374 imported samples analyzed for pesticide residues, 72.0% had no detectable residues, 23.2% had detectable residues within legal limits, and 4.8% had violative residues. Violations were observed in the other category (8.1%), vegetables (6.4%), fruits (2.8%), and fish, shellfish, other aquatic products (0.3%). 

In total, 12,264 samples were collected and analyzed for pesticide residues in the 2001 PDP (USDA, 2003). Specific fruits and vegetables analyzed in the 2001 PDP included apples, bananas, broccoli, carrots, celery, cherries, grapes, green beans, lettuce, mushrooms, nectarines, oranges, peaches, pineapples, potatoes, canned sweet corn, canned sweet peas, and canned tomato paste. Fruits and vegetable samples were taken most commonly (9903 samples), followed by beef (911 samples), enriched milled rice (689 samples), poultry (464... 

---