Pesticide residues fungicides

Pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, are widely used in agriculture, and the potential for these residues to accumulate in food has led to concern for human safety. Pesticide residues may enter food animals from environmental sources or from treated or contaminated feeds. Immunoassay development for pesticides has had major impacts for pesticide registrations, analysis of residues in foods, monitoring environmental contamination, determination of occupational exposure, and integration of pest management. 

The need to develop and use chiral chromatographic techniques to resolve racemates in pesticide residues will be driven by new hazard and risk assessments undertaken using data from differential metabolism studies. The molecular structures of many pesticides incorporate chiral centers and, in some cases, the activity differs between enantiomers. Consequently, in recent years manufacturers have introduced resolved enantiomers to provide pesticides of higher activity per unit mass applied. For example, the fungicide metalaxyl is a racemic mix of R- and 5-enantiomers, both having the same mode of action but differing considerably in effectiveness. The -enantiomer is the most effective and is marketed as a separate product metalaxyl-M. In future, it will not be satisfactory to rely on hazard/risk assessments based on data from metabolism studies of racemic mixes. The metabolism studies will need to be undertaken on one, or more, of the resolved enantiomers. 

Y. Nakahira, O. Kimura, H. Aoshima, M. Ikeda, Y. Asano, and Y. Yusa, Analysis of the residue of a new fungicide, mepanipyrim, and its metabolites in crops, in Abstracts of the 18th Annual Meeting of the Pesticide Residue Analysis Society of Japan, pp. 1-10 (1994) (in Japanese). 

Cabras, P, Cabitza, F., Meloni, M., andPirisi, F.M. Behavior ofsome pesticide residues on greenhouse tomatoes. 2. Fungicides, acaricides, and insecticides, J. Agric. Food Chem., 33(5) 935-937, 1985. 

Another well-known example within the pesticide area is the group ADI of 0-0.03 mg/kg bw/day allocated to dithiocarbamate fungicides. Thus, the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in 1993, in its evaluation of mancozeb, concluded that... 

In this chapter, we reviewed the effect of commonly used herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides on yeasts. We also studied the effect of alcoholic and malolactic fermentation on pesticide residues. 

In the late 1970s HPLC provided an ideal tool for the analysis of pollutants and other environmental contaminants. Techniques were developed for analyzing chlorophenols, pesticide residues, and metabolites in drinking water and soil (parts per trillion) and trace organics in river water and marine sediments, and for monitoring industrial waste water and polynuclear aromatics in air. Techniques were also developed for determining fungicides and their decomposition products and herbicide metabolites in plants and animals. 

Pesticide residues (dinoseb, pirimicarb, procymidone, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole) in peaches and nectarines Fungicide residues (procymidone and thiabendazole) in apples, grapes, oranges, pears, strawberries, and tomatoes Pesticides and metabolites (naphthalene acetamide, carbaryl, 1-naphthol, thiabendazole, and carbendazime) in cucumbers Amino phosphonic acid herbicides (model mixture)... 

The EPA, which is in charge of implementing the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act that regulates the sale and use of pesticides, and the PWS have set up several data systems to hold pesticide residue information. These are the Pesticides Soils Monitoring System (PEMS) and the Environmental Residual Information System (ERIS). 

Standards for pesticide residue analysis (ziram, zineb, propineb) or formulated fungicides... 

The transition of residues of pesticides used to protect the grapes as far as the final product depends on their solubihty in water and the rate of their degradation, particularly hydrolysis. For example, a total transfer of polar benomyl residues to final products can be expected. Conversely, a lower transition of frequently used fungicides such as folpet, captafol, propiconazole, triadimefon and vinclozolin from grapes to wine can be expected, mainly due to sorption of these compounds to the solid waste (Table 12.65). In beer, pesticide residues are found only exceptionally, due not only to dilution, but also to degradation during technological operations and sorption to yeast cells. 

Pesticides are more closely regulated than other chemicals because pesticides are intentiaHy appHed in the environment, often repeatedly at relatively high rates. In the United States, pesticides are regulated under the federal Insecticide, fungicide and Rodenticide Act (EIERA), and residues from uses of pesticides in food or feed crops are regulated under Sections 408 and 409 of the federal food, Dmg and Cosmetics Act (EEDCA). 

Provides access to detailed information on all categories of pesticides including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides. Included is information on pesticide toxicity, health effects, residual data, efficacy, and other information. NPIC is a cooperative effort of the U.S. EPA and the Oregon State University Department of Agricultural Chemistry. NPIC is staffed from 6 30 a.m to 4 30 p.m. Pacific Standard Time. 

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