Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables

Table 14.3 Frequency of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by market claim, excluding the residues of banned organochlorines PDP 2004... 

Klein, B. (2004). (Inter-cantonal monitoring on pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables 2002-2004) Rapport Inter-cantonal sur des Residus depesticides en Fruits et legumes 2002-2003, Rapport des Laboratoires Cantonales GE et VD of Switzerland. 

A gradient HPLC procedure with UV detection, for determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables such as apples, potatoes, and carrots, was used by Beil et al. (57). Figure 3 shows a clean chromatogram of many compounds that was obtained by HPLC and UV detection in apple. 

A procedure for determining pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable (apples, potatoes, and carrots) using HPLC-UV detection has been reported. A monitoring study in which 40 samples of different origin were examined was carried out. a-Endosulfan was detected in one apple sample, and tetradifon was detected in a potato sample (57). 

CM Torres, Y Pico, J Manes. Determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 754 301-331, 1996. 

PESTICIDES SAFETY DIRECTORATE (1998). The Occurrence of Unit to Unit Variability of Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables. PSD, UK. 

Other early food applications included the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, organic acids, lipids, amino acids, toxins (e.g., aflatox-ins in peanuts, ergot in rye), and contaminants. As with pharmaceutical analysis, HPLC provides the ability to analyze for vitamin content in food... 

While in the 1990s most LC-MS applications in pesticide analysis concerned environmental analysis, in the first decade of the 2000s the analysis of pesticide residues in (citrus) fmit and vegetables is more prominent. The determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables was reviewed by Pico et al. [4, 8]. Selected examples are reviewed here. 

C. Jansson, T. PMstrom, B.-G. Osterdahl, K.E. Markides, A new multi-residue method for analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables using LC-MS-MS detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 1023 (2004) 93. 

Hill, A.R.C., Harris, C.A. and Warburton, A.G. (2000) Effect of sample processing on pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables, in A. Fajgeli and A. Ambrus (Eds), Principles and Practices of Method Validation, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. 

Jansson, C., Pihlstrom, T., Osterdahl, B.G., and Markides, K.E. (2004). A new multiresidue method for analysis of pesticides residues in fruit and vegetables using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, /. Chromatogr. A., 1023(1), 93-104. 

Anastassiades M, Lehotay SJ, Stajnbaher D, Schenck FJ, Fast and easy mnltiresidne method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, J.AOAC Int. 2003 86 412-431. 

Li Shuqian, Lu Lei, Chen Fusheng, et al. Rapid detection techniques of organophosphorus pesticide residue in fruits and vegetables [J]. Hubei Agricultural Science, 2004, (4) 58-59. (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

Camino-Sanchez, F. J., Zafra-Gomez,A.,Oliver-Rodriguez, B., Ballesteros,O., Navalon, A., Crovetto, G., and Vilchez, J. L. 2010. UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025 2005-accredited method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples by LC-MS/MS. FoodAddit. Contam., Part A 27 1532-1544. 

Chai, M. K. and Tan, G. H. 2009. Validation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure with gas chromatography-electron capture detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. Food Chem. 117 561-567. 

Pihlstrom T, Blomkvist G, Friman P, Pagard U, Osterdahl B- G. Analysis of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables with ethyl acetate extraction using gas and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem... 

Lehotay SJ, Son KA, Kwon, Koesukwiwat U, Fu W, Mastovska K, Hoh E, Leepipatpiboon N. Comparison of QuCHERS sample preparation methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 2010 1217 254S—60. 

The Committee examined five organophosphate pesticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, disulfoton, and ethion), which are all cholinesterase inhibitors and may be present as residues in fruits and vegetables. Chlorpyrifos was used as the index compound. The TEF was defined as the ratio of the NOAEL or LOAEL for each pesticide to the NOAEL or LOAEL for chlorpyrifos. TEFs based on LOAELs were used when a NOAEL could mot be established for two of the compounds. 

Multi-residue pesticide analysis in fruits and vegetables by LC/MS using triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry (M. Takino, Yokogawa Analytical Systems, Japan)... 

Sheridan RS, Meola JR. 1999. Analysis of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and milk by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 82(4) 982-990. 

T. Pihlstrom, B- Kajrap, and A. Valverde, ValidationdataforlSpesticidesincludedinthemulti-residue method for analysis of pesitddes in fruit and vegetable using ethyl acetate extraction, GPC cleanup and GC determination, in Pesticide Analytical Methods in Sweden , Part 1, Rapport 17/98, National Food Administration, Uppsala (1998). 

The increased use of IV-methyl carbamate insecticides in agriculture demands the development of selective and sensitive analytical procedures to determine trace level residues of these compounds in crops and other food products. HPLC is the technique most widely used to circumvent heat sensitivity of these pesticides. However, HPLC with UV detection lacks the selectivity and sensitivity needed for their analysis. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, HPLC using post-column hydrolysis and derivatization was developed and refined with fluorescence detection to overcome these problems. The technique relies on the post-column hydrolysis of the carbamate moiety to methylamine with subsequent derivatization to a fluorescent isoindole product. This technique is currently the most widely used HPLC method for the determination of carbamates in water" and in fruits and vegetables." " ... 

Alba et al. used ethyl acetate to extract imidacloprid residues from fruits and vegetables. A 15-g sample of vegetable or fruit is weighed into a blender tube and 60 mL of ethyl acetate and 15g of sodium sulfate are added. The mixture is homogenized for 30 s, using a Polytron, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated and the residue obtained is dissolved in acetonitrile-water (1 1, v/v). Alba etal. considered the low recoveries of these polar pesticides as the major disadvantage of the acetone extraction method. In their previous work they evaluated the efficacy of ethyl acetate for the extraction of pesticide residues. 

The EU has adopted several directives setting the MRLs for pesticides, including OCPs and OPPs, in fruit and vegetables (90/642/EEC), cereals (86/362/EEC), and foods of animal origin (86/363/EEC). One of the main concerns in pesticide residue analysis is to reach detection limits as low as 0.1 yug/L, which is the MLR established by the EU for drinking water (80/779/ EEC) (28,29). 

Table 3.12. Residue of DDT pesticides in fruits and vegetables in China ...

Y. Pico, G. Font, J.C. Molto, J. Manes, Pesticide residue determination in fruit and vegetables byLC-MS, J. Chromatogr. A, 882 (2000) 153. 

Krause, R. and August, EM. (1983). Applicability of a carbamate insecticide mult [residue method for determining additional types of pesticides in fruits and vegetables, Arsoc. Off. Ami. Chem- 66. 234-240-... 

A major source of confusion contributing to the debate on the safety of pesticide residues in food, and low-level exposure to environmental chemicals, is the relationship between a chemical exposure or dose and the observed effect. Some pesticides to which we are exposed in our fruit and vegetables are capable of causing harm to humans if given in high enough quantities. This is usually limited to occupational exposure where high toxic doses may actually be encountered. If the need for statistical analysis to rule out chance effects is the first scientific tenet that forms the cornerstone of our modern science-based medicine, the dose-response relationship is the second. 

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