Apples pesticide residues

An FDA study of pesticide residues in infant and adult foods eaten by infants/children for the period 1985-1991 reported results for methyl parathion as total parathion (Y ess et al. 1993). Of the 2,464 apples analyzed, total parathion was detected in 158 samples at a maximum of 1.3 ppm. Of the 862 oranges analyzed, total parathion was detected in 25 samples at a maximum of 1.4 ppm. Of the 571 pears analyzed, total parathion was detected in 8 samples at a maximum of 0.12 ppm. 

One FDA study (Roy et al. 1997) determined the levels of pesticide residues in rice and apples. Of the 769 domestic apples analyzed, methyl parathion was found in 72 samples at a maximum concentration of 0.15 ppm. Of the 1,062 imported apples analyzed, methyl parathion was found in 4 samples at a... 

Bates, J.A.R. (1990) The prediction of pesticide residues in crops by the optimum use of existing data, Pure/Appl. Chem., 62 337-350. 

Remarkably, the PDP tested 530 apple samples in 1996 and found that the odds of buying a bag of apples with nine or more pesticide residues was as great as selecting a bag with no residues. In 2003 PDP testing, 744 samples of apples were analyzed. The odds were slightly higher (2.5%) that a consumer would be exposed to seven or more residues in an apple than no residues (2.3%). 

Wigfield YY, Grant R. 1992. Evaluation of an immunoassay kit for the detection of certain organochlorine (cyclodiene) pesticide residues in apple, tomato, and lettuce. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 49 342-347. 

In total, 12,264 samples were collected and analyzed for pesticide residues in the 2001 PDP (USDA, 2003). Specific fruits and vegetables analyzed in the 2001 PDP included apples, bananas, broccoli, carrots, celery, cherries, grapes, green beans, lettuce, mushrooms, nectarines, oranges, peaches, pineapples, potatoes, canned sweet corn, canned sweet peas, and canned tomato paste. Fruits and vegetable samples were taken most commonly (9903 samples), followed by beef (911 samples), enriched milled rice (689 samples), poultry (464... 

A gradient HPLC procedure with UV detection, for determination of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables such as apples, potatoes, and carrots, was used by Beil et al. (57). Figure 3 shows a clean chromatogram of many compounds that was obtained by HPLC and UV detection in apple. 

A procedure for determining pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable (apples, potatoes, and carrots) using HPLC-UV detection has been reported. A monitoring study in which 40 samples of different origin were examined was carried out. a-Endosulfan was detected in one apple sample, and tetradifon was detected in a potato sample (57). 

In the Monte Carlo analysis samples are drawn at random from the residue distribution and then from the apple consumption distribution to provide the data points for the intake distribution. This sequence is repeated several thousand times until a smooth intake distribution curve is produced. The intake distribution shown in Fig. 2.5 represents 20,000 samples drawn from the pesticide residues and apple consumption distributions shown in Figs 2.3 and 2.4. The bars represent the relative frequency of each intake level and the line is the cumulative frequency distribution. The distribution is very skewed and it can be seen that the cumulative frequency is nearing 100% when only the mid-point of the distribution is being approached. This means that very high intakes are relatively rare occurrences. 

Zendzian. R. P, (2003). Pesticide residue on/in washed skin and its potential contribution to dcnnal toxicity. J. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 121-136. 

FDA Advisory Committee on Protocols for Safety Evaluations Panel on Reproduction Report on Reproduction Studies in the Safety Evaluation of Food Additives and Pesticide Residues. Toxicol, and Appl. Pharmacol., 1970, 16 264-296. 

Rincker, C.M. and George, D.A. (1985). Effect of pesticide residues in alfalfa pollen and nectar on the foraging and reproduction activities of alfalfa leafcutting bees Megachile rotundata. J. Appl. Seed Prod. 3, 33-37. 

Pesticide residues (dinoseb, pirimicarb, procymidone, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole) in peaches and nectarines Fungicide residues (procymidone and thiabendazole) in apples, grapes, oranges, pears, strawberries, and tomatoes Pesticides and metabolites (naphthalene acetamide, carbaryl, 1-naphthol, thiabendazole, and carbendazime) in cucumbers Amino phosphonic acid herbicides (model mixture)... 

Amvrazi, E. Tsiropoulos, N. (2009). Chemometric Study and Optimization of Extraction Parameters in Single-Drop Microextraction for the Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Grapes and Apples by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. /, Chromatogr. A, Vol.1216, N°14, pp. 7630-7638, ISSN 00219673. 

Durovic, R., Milinovic, J., Markovic, M., and Markovic, D. 2007. Headspace solid phase microextraction in pesticide residues analysis 2. Apple samples. Pestic. Fitomed 22 173-176. 

Friedman, L., Kunin, C. M., Nelson, N., Whittenberger, J. L., and Wilson, J. G. (1970), Panel on reproduction report on reproduction studies in the safety evaluation of food additives and pesticide residues, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 16, 264-296. 

Nitrosamines and Pesticides A Special Report on the Occurrence of Nitrosamines as Terminal Residues Resulting from Agricultural Uses of Certain Pesticides (10), P. C. Kearney, Project Coordinator, Pure and Appl. Chem.,... 

The frequency of multiple residues in the three datasets analyzed by Baker et al. is shown in Table 14.1. The PDP found that about 45% of conventional fruit and vegetable samples tested from 1994-1999 contained residues of two or more pesticides, while 7.1% of organic samples had multiple residues. The average conventional apple tested in this period by PDP contained residues of three different pesticides. In CU testing 62% of conventional samples contained multiple residues, compared to 6% of organic samples. 

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