Research articles

METHOD 8 A very promising and tasty looking method contributed by some person named Feck. Don t know who or where this guy came from. But one day a care package with some very startling research articles appears in Strike s mailbox from this Feck character. This one was the best because it actually used P2P as an experimental subject [54]. So you already know the method works on our favorite ketone species ... 

The next time you are in the library, look through a recent issue of an analytically oriented journal, such as Analytical Chemistry. Focus on the titles and abstracts of the research articles. Although you will not recognize all the terms and methods, you will begin to answer for yourself the question What is analytical chemistry ... 

Catalytic Pyrolysis. This should not be confused with fluid catalytic cracking, which is used in petroleum refining (see Catalysts, regeneration). Catalytic pyrolysis is aimed at producing primarily ethylene. There are many patents and research articles covering the last 20 years (84—89). Catalytic research until 1988 has been summarized (86). Almost all catalysts produce higher amounts of CO and CO2 than normally obtained with conventional pyrolysis. This indicates that the water gas reaction is also very active with these catalysts, and usually this leads to some deterioration of the olefin yield. Significant amounts of coke have been found in these catalysts, and thus there is a further reduction in olefin yield with on-stream time. Most of these catalysts are based on low surface area alumina catalysts (86). A notable exception is the catalyst developed in the former USSR (89). This catalyst primarily contains vanadium as the active material on pumice (89), and is claimed to produce low levels of carbon oxides. 

The guest editors have assembled an excellent set of reviews and research articles covering all aspects of the field of carbon nanotubes. The reviews are presented in a clear and concise form by many of the leading researchers in the field. It is hoped that this collection of review articles provides a convenient reference for the present status of research on carbon nanotubes, and serves to stimulate future work in the field. 

There are surely difficulties even with this claim. Would not the most telling evidence in fact be instances in research articles of explicit assertions by scientists that what especially recommended Mendeleev s scheme to its author as a basis for further research was that scheme s success in predicting the properties of new elements ... 

Although the literature contains a very large number of research articles concerned with the kinetics and mechanisms of reactions involving solids, there are comparatively few authoritative, critical and comprehensive reviews of the formidable quantity of information which is available. Probably the most important general account of the field is the book Chemistry of the Solid State, edited by Gamer [63]. Chapters 7—9 are particularly relevant in the present context as they provide a systematic exposition of the kinetic equations applicable to the decomposition of single solids (Jacobs and Tompkins [28]) and their application to endothermic [64] and exothermic [65] reactions. 

Computers have been widely used in the daily practice of the medicinal chemist to search the literature of research articles and patents for competitive intelligence. They have also been extensively used for structure-based... 

I am grateful to Inge Duchesne for assistance in researching articles for this manuscript. 

He is the author of two other books. Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics (1962) and Vector Analysis in Chemistry (1974), and has published research articles on the theory of optical rotation, statistical mechanical theory of transport processes, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, molecular quantum mechanics, theory of liquids, intermolecular forces, and surface phenomena. 

FIGURE 13.3 Time-course of publications L or Z and eye. The graph was produced by entering the search term lutein or zeaxanthin and eye, searching in all fields of the international biomedical research article database Pubmed for the years 1950-2008. The abstracts of the retrieved articles were checked to ensure that they were indeed relevant to the search term. The number of articles found was noted and plotted against the year of publication. 

Although numerous research articles have been written describing the preparation and use of antibody conjugates with P-gal, the enzyme remains a minor player in ELISA procedures. Less than 1 percent of all commercial ELISA products utilize this enzyme. 

A numerous research articles using different approaches were published last decades. Simultaneously, the development of cultivation regimes, immobilization procedures, and photobioreactors bring some methods from the state-of-the art to the technology. This mini review is focused on some technological methods able to solve problems, shown above. 

RONALD W. MISSEN is Professor Emeritus (Chemical Engineering) at the University of Toronto. He received his B.Sc, and M.Sc. in chemical engineering from Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario, and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Cambridge, England. He is the co-author of CHEMICAL REACTION EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, and has authored or co-authored about f 50 research articles. He is a fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada and the... 

BRADLEY A. SAVILLE is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at i the University of Toronto. He received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in chemical engi-neering at the University of Alberta. He is the author or co-author of over 25 research articles on enzyme kinetics, pharmacokinetics, heterogeneous reactions in biological systems, and reactors for immobilized enzymes. He is a member, of the Chemical Institute of Canada, the Canadian Society of Chemical Engineering, and Professional Engineers Ontario. 

Some 40 research articles resulted from Tipson s 18 years at the Mellon Institute, and they demonstrate that he was able to sustain some of his interest in carbohydrate chemistry, and he continued to study the reactions of sulfonic esters with sodium iodide. In 1945 he compiled his published work into a senior thesis for the D.Sc. degree that was awarded by the University of Birmingham. However, a considerable proportion of the research at the Mellon Institute was never published because of patent restrictions. This was particularly true for his work on carbohydrates and other organic compounds conducted after July 1952, when he was assigned to the Parke, Davis and Company Fellowship in Medicinal Chemistry to synthesize potential antiviral and anticancer agents. 

This chapter emphasizes cage and cluster compounds of aluminum, gallium and indium incorporating nitrogen atoms. A search of the literature reveals a number of monographs and reviews [31-33] as well as recent research articles available on this subject. Reactions of alanes and alanates with various amines leading to iminoalanes and aminoalanes have been well documented [21, 31, 34-36], In summary, there are reports on the formation of iminoalanes from Eqs. (13) to (17). 

The prospects of DSC, have been reviewed in a special issue of Thermochimica Acta, which includes a collection of articles on advances of thermal analysis in the twentieth century and expected future developments [232,235,236]. This journal and the Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, where research articles about DSC and its applications are often published, are very useful sources of information on the technique. Although relatively old, the reviews by McNaughton and Mortimer [237] and by Mortimer [238] contain excellent examples of applications of DSC to molecular thermochemistry studies. The analytical uses of DSC, which are outside the scope of this book, can be surveyed, for example, in biannual reviews that appear in the journal Analytical Chemistry [239],... 

If analytical methods are at the heart of biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing, then protein concentration methods are the workhorse assays. A time and motion study of the discovery, development, and manufacture of a protein-based product would probably confirm the most frequently performed assay to be protein concentration. In the 1940s Oliver H. Lowry developed the Lowry method while attempting to detect miniscule amounts of substances in blood. In 1951 his method was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. In 1996 the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) reported that this article had been cited almost a quarter of a million times, making it the most cited research article in history. This statistic reveals the ubiquity of protein measurement assays and the resilience of an assay developed over 60 years ago. The Lowry method remains one of the most popular colorimetric protein assays in biopharmaceutical development, although many alternative assays now exist. 

The Cech group described an X-ray crystallographic structure of the group I intron from Tetrahymem thermophila in a Science magazine research article published in 1998 (PDB IGRZ). The 5.0-A resolution crystal structure included 247 nucleotides comprising most of the Tetrahymena thermophila intron. At this resolution, clear density for the ribozyme backbone was seen, and stacked bases were visualized as continuous tubes of electron density. 

Browse through a research article in three different ACS journals Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Environmental Science Technology and perform the following tasks ... 

Browse through the Table of Contents of several Issues of Analytical Chemistry or Environmental Science Technology. In most issues, you will see that, in addition to research articles, the journal also contains news articles, editorials, features, and/or book reviews. Glance through the pages of two such items. For each item, jot down its title and the name of the journal section in which it appears identify the intended audience and purpose of the entry. 

Scientists rarely read research articles like this. Generally, scientists forger a given section to look for specific information. For example, a chemist might target the Methods section for the sole purpose of finding out what brand of instrument was used. 

Browse through three research articles in an ACS journal of your choice. With only a cursory glance at the title, abstract, and the IMRD sections, determine the topic of research, the methods used, and a brief summary of the conclusions. (Note You should be able to identify the topic and methods, even if you do not understand them.)... 

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