Reviews and books

Excellent books and review articles covering LB and SA films have appeared recently. The following covers the basics and some selected topics are presented as examples. For a more comprehensive overview and more details on specific topics the reader is referred to the cited literature. 

Flotation or froth flotation is a physicochemical property-based separation process. It is widely utilised in the area of mineral processing also known as ore dressing and mineral beneftciation for mineral concentration. In addition to the mining and metallurgical industries, flotation also finds appHcations in sewage treatment, water purification, bitumen recovery from tar sands, and coal desulfurization. Nearly one biUion tons of ore are treated by this process aimuaHy in the world. Phosphate rock, precious metals, lead, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and tin-containing ores as well as coal are treated routinely by this process some flotation plants treat 200,000 tons of ore per day (see Mineral recovery and processing). Various aspects of flotation theory and practice have been treated in books and reviews (1 9). 

Aldol Additions. These reactions catalyzed by lyases are perhaps the most synthetically useful enzymatic reactions for carbon—carbon bond formation. Because of the broad synthetic utiUty of this method, the enzymatic aldol reactions have received considerable attention in recent years and have been extensively covered in a number of books and reviews (10,138—140). 

The following books and reviews provide fuller details of the topics indicated in this chapter. The authors recommendations for excellent introductory and/or reference texts to the topics are indicated with. [For earlier bibliographies see Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 4th Edn, ISBN 0750628391 (1996, hardback) and 0750637617 (1997, paperback). 

As a result, the intervening 15 years have witnessed the development of procedures for the introduction of fluorine in practically every available position of the steroid nucleus. Moreover, fluorine-containing groups such as CF2 and CF3 have been substituted at various positions. A number of recent books and reviews deal extensively with this subject. ... 

Because of the great importance of phosphorus and its compounds in the chemical industry, several books and reviews on their preparation and uses are available.Some of these applications reflect the fact that P is a vital element for the growth and development of all plants and animals and is therefore an important constituent in many fertilizers. Phosphorus compounds are involved in energy transfer... 

A. General Books and Reviews 1. Textbooks and Handbooks A general handbook 98MI67 99MI44. 

The term biotransformation or biocatalysis is used for processes in which a starting material (precursor) is converted into the desired product in just one step. This can be done by use either of whole cells or of (partially) purified enzymes. Product examples range from bulk chemicals (such as acrylamide) to fine chemicals and chiral synthons (chiral amines or alcohols, for example). There are several books and reviews dealing with the use of bio transformations either at laboratory or at industrial scales [1, 10-13]. 

The general chemistry of the peroxides has been covered in many books and reviews.2 46"32 1-4 131 Readers are referred in particular to Swem s Trilogy127120for an excellent background and a comprehensive coverage of the literature through 1970. The chemistry associated with their use as initiators of polymerization was reviewed by Moad and Solomon.2... 

The present chapter, therefore, will present certain topics based on a selection of references, mainly in view of providing a perception of the current developments and great potential of chitin today. The reader is referred to books and reviews [1-17] where basic information and specific subjects are treated in a more systematic way. These polysaccharides are described not only in encyclopaedias, handbooks, monographs and articles, but also in the American Standard Testing Materials standard guides and in the Pharmacopoeias of various coimtries [10,16,17]. 

The literature describing the characterization and exploitation of a large diversity of biooxidation catalysts has become very rich in recent years and is comprehensively covered by books and reviews in journals [9-15]. Consequently, the current chapter sets out to highlight a few representative and recent examples covering major developments in the field since the beginning of this millennium. The major focus... 

Before reviewing recent advances in the field of luminescent dendrimers, it is worthwhile recaUing a few elemental principles of electronic spectroscopy. Interested readers are referred to several books and reviews for detailed discussions [2,11,12]. 

The rates of chemical processes and their variation with conditions have been studied for many years, usually for the purpose of determining reaction mechanisms. Thus, the subject of chemical kinetics is a very extensive and important part of chemistry as a whole, and has acquired an enormous literature. Despite the number of books and reviews, in many cases it is by no means easy to find the required information on specific reactions or types of reaction or on more general topics in the field. It is the purpose of this series to provide a background reference work, which will enable such information to be obtained either directly, or from the original papers or reviews quoted. 

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide has found no extensive application so far, yet it is of great interest for scientists in the fields of theoretical and applied electrochemistry. To a certain extent, it is analogous to the photochemical carbon dioxide reduction, but it involves no chlorophyll and yields simpler products. In recent years some books and reviews on this topic have been published (e.g., Taniguchi, 1989 Sullivan et al., 1993 Bagotsky and Osetrova, 1995). 

A survey of the mathematical models for typical chemical reactors and reactions shows that several hydrodynamic and transfer coefficients (model parameters) must be known to simulate reactor behaviour. These model parameters are listed in Table 5.4-6 (see also Table 5.4-1 in Section 5.4.1). Regions of interfacial surface area for various gas-liquid reactors are shown in Fig. 5.4-15. Many correlations for transfer coefficients have been published in the literature (see the list of books and review papers at the beginning of this section). The coefficients can be evaluated from those correlations within an average accuracy of about 25%. This is usually sufficient for modelling of chemical reactors. Mathematical models of reactors arc often more sensitive to kinetic parameters. Experimental methods and procedures for parameters estimation are discussed in the subsequent section. 

Current interest in the electrochemical behavior of organic compounds is attested to by a number of recent books and reviews devoted to various aspects of the subject. The recent article in this series by Eberson and Schafer constitutes a good general introduction to the state of the art in synthetic and mechanistic organic electrochemistry, and also contains, in Chapter 1, many useful references for the interested reader who wishes to delve deeper into the extensive literature of organic electrochemistry. 

After the Second World War, development of synthetic FBAs was extremely rapid. Several hundred commercial products, representing a wide variety of chemical types, have since been marketed, with FBAs probably corresponding to approximately 10% of world demand for dyestuffs. Several excellent books and reviews of the chemistry, application and properties of FBAs have appeared [3-13]. 

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