Research and technology development

The study of open-chain polyphosphazenes has attracted Increasing attention In recent years, both from the standpoint of fundamental research and technological development. The polyphosphazenes are long chains of alternating phosphorus-nitrogen atoms with two substituents attached to phosphorus. These polymers have been the subject of several recent reviews (1-3). Interest has stemmed from the continuing search for polymers with improved properties for existing applications as well as for new polymers with novel properties. 

Research and technology development in Shell Oil, one of the major companies of the energy sector, is organized in a decentralized organization. The best known is Shell Global Solutions, which besides R D, also takes over consultancy and technology... 

Amorelli, T., Hernandez, H., Lonza, L. et al. (2004). Assessing the International Position of EU s Research and Technological Development Demonstration (RTD D) on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells. ESTO Publications, Joint Research Centre, http //esto.jrc.c.europa.eu/publication/pub.cfm id = 1298. 

Figure 1. Key elements of the European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research and Technological Development and Demonstration Programme for meeting the "Snapshot 2020" targets and the 2050 Vision of the High Level Group...

In 2000, the European Commission issued a communication on the precautionary principle (EU 2000), in which it adopted a procedure for the application of this concept. The precautionary principle is not defined in the treaty, which prescribes it only once - to protect the environment. But in practice, its scope is much wider, beyond that of environmental policy, and, specifically where preliminary objective scientific evaluation, indicates that there are reasonable grounds for concern that the potentially dangerous effects on the environment, human, animal, or plant health may be inconsistent with the high level of protection chosen for the Community. The precautionary principle is implemented, for example, in the EU food law and also affects, among others, policies relating to consumer protection, trade and research, and technological development. 

Research and technology development efforts aimed at mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other organisms. 

Nowadays, numerical modeling plays an important role and represents a critical aspect of the research and technology development process in industry. This is mainly related to the increase in competition in all fields of engineering and to the enormous improvements in computer technology in the last two decades. Therefore, numerical modeling is also likely to play a key role in the development of SOFCs. This requires an interdisciplinary approach as a number of different phenomena are involved in SOFC operation. 

The ever increasing demands from distributed information systems are stimulating research and technology development. Theory has a central role because a microscopic understanding represents a fundamental step towards the innovation, design and fabrication of new materials and devices. The ability to describe structural, electronic and optical properties of new materials with accurate first-principle methods is hence of fundamental importance. 

Viral particle production from cell cultures has several differences from other bioprocesses. The production of molecules like enzymes, toxins, or other proteins synthesized by bacteria, fungi or animals, depend upon culture parameters, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, or nutrients. Product formation may occur through secondary metabolic pathways, which are not related to the development or growth of the cell. In these situations, research and technological development must be directed to the specific cell and this involves the improvement of the cell as a better molecular production unit. So, there is a direct relation between nutrient conversion, cell growth, and the expected improvement of the final productivity. 

Conversion processes Optimised over 100 years Require further research and technological development... 

Overview of the Advanced Research and Technology Development Program (AR TD)"... 

Research and technology development or products regulated by the FDA that are at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels and where at least one dimension that affects the functional behavior of the product is in the length scale range of approximately 1-100 nm... 

These new developments have had major impacts on R D and especially on cooperation. By virtue of the determination to emphasize core competencies and outsource everything else, firms have largely abandoned the idea of self-sufficiency. Strategic alliances have become the norm, nowhere more so than in research and technology development. Firms enter into a plethora of agreements for joint R D, not so much with competitors as with firms, universities, and government laboratories that can bring... 

The present overview is divided in three main sections where the polymeric photoinitiators are presented according to their mechanism of action, i.e. pho-toinduced hydrogen abstraction, electron transfer and cleav e reactions. In each section, particular attention is devoted to the synthesis and relationship between molecular structure and photoinitiation properties of the polymeric systems. A further section deals with some special applications having particular interest from the point of view of fundamental research and technological development. 

The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) is the main research and technology development arm of Energy, Mines, and Resources Canada. As one of CANMETs five laboratory groups. Coal Research Laboratories (CRL) performs and sponsors research to enhance Canadian industry s competitive position. With laboratories in Devon, Alberta, and Sydney (Nova Scotia), CRL is well located to serve both coal and other industry clients, notably those in the recovery and processing of oil sands and heavy oil. 

Considering that Romania reveals good potential for CO2 utilization, there is also notable interest in foreign co-operation and investment to develop scientific research and technology development and to implement CO2 utilization technologies toward CO2 emission reduction. 

The Medical Science Division (MSD) within the BER supports fundamental research and technology development in medicine, particularly in the fields of nuclear medicine, imaging sciences, and neurosciences. 

---