Objects and Actions

The answers to these questions as detailed in the plan, however, are not set in stone. To the contrary, both mentor and men tee should make a conscious effort to realize that the relevance of both objectives and actions may change over time. This also explains why it is important to review the PDF periodically. 

The line from Course to Subject is an association it represents the fact that you can ask about a Course, What topics does it cover and the answer will be a set of Subjects. By implication, you can ask which Courses have any one Subject as their topic. The association says nothing about how the information is represented or how easy it is to obtain. Like objects and actions, associations can be refined, going into more detail about the information they represent. 

We can show separately how these objects and actions are part of what we ve already seen. Some objects and actions, such as those associated with the system management tasks, may not be relevant to what we ve seen at the abstract level (see Figure 1.18). 

The way each object and action is implemented (successive refinement)... 

Our terms object and action cover a broad range ... 

A collaboration represents how responsibilities are distributed across objects and actions, showing which actions take place between which objects and optionally directing or localizing the actions. The actions are related by being defined against the same model and achieve a common goal or refine a single, more abstract action. 

A Catalysis collaboration diagram shows object and action types it does not indicate what sequence of these internal actions realizes the specified effect of a cut. An interaction diagram (Figure 4.14) describes the sequence of actions between related objects that is triggered by a cut operation. It can be drawn in two forms. 

When designing objects inside the software, you have a choice about whether to reify abstract objects and actions—that is, represent them directly as software objects—or just... 

The relationship between an abstraction and a refinement is the refinement relationship. It is an assertion that one description of a configuration of objects and actions is a more abstract view of another (see Figure 6.15). 

Many aspects of the Catalysis process can be modeled using the concepts of type, collaboration, and refinement. When you re modeling the development process itself, the interesting development objects and actions include the following ... 

We have seen that it is possible to document objects and actions at any level of detail or abstraction. This is a powerful tool, but two problems commonly arise. 

There are two distinct forms of abstraction at work on objects and actions. We must be clear about the boundary of objects and actions being modeled. We could model abstract actions, such as a complete rental cycle or we could describe finer-grained interactions, such as reserve, pick up, return, and so on. 

Results should feed into the laboratory planning system and should include the goals, objectives and action plans for the coming year. 

The establishment of objectives is critical to the success of MBO. The objectives must be challenging but attainable. They should be expressed in terms that are objective and measurable and should be written in clear, concise, unambiguous language. Table 10-6 presents examples of how some poorly stated objectives for pharmacists might be better stated. It is important that the objectives be derived through collaboration and consent of the employee. In this respect, the objectives and action plan can serve as a basis for regular discussions between the manager and the employee. 

The capacity of works of art to generate emotions has important conceptual implications. The widely held view that emotions are invariably triggered by a prior cognitive assessment is invalidated by the fact that music can generate emotions even though no beliefs are involved. Similarly, emotions induced by works of art may be unaccompanied by arousal, specific physiological expressions, intentional objects, and action tendencies. In the case of music, we seem to experience emotion in something like a pure state, a qualitatively unique experience similar to a unique shade of red. 

Identification of these problems should lead to a targeting of appropriate objectives and action steps that will decrease or eliminate the behaviors. For example, if the treatment-plan goal is to decrease manic or hypomanic symptoms, one of the objectives would be to have the client sleep a specific number of hours per night (Jongsma Peterson, 1995). Effective treatment planning must include a medication regimen that enables the... 

Next, it is critical to state the identified problem behaviors in behavioral-based outcomes (Dziegielewski, 1998). In completing this process, the assessment data that lead to the diagnostic impression as well as the specific problems often experienced by the clients with schizophrenia need to be outlined. Once identified the client s problems are then prioritized so that goals, objectives, and action tasks can be developed. Then the goals... 

When there are several use sequences supported by a design, it can be helpful to develop use flow diagrams for a defined subsection of the task activities. These diagrams delineate the alternative paths and related intersections (i.e., decision points) users encounter during system interaction. The representative entities that users encounter throughout the use flow diagram become the required objects and actions for the interface design. 

Consistency reduces training requirements and memory requirements and promotes skill development. Consistency applies across a wide variety of design issues and must be incorporated in every architectural category. Examples include object, action, and information organizations, task flows, representations for objects and actions, and procedures. TAG [Payne and Green, 1986 Schiele and Green, 1990] provides a... 

This section outlines the processes to evaluate the performance of safety and health management systems and to take corrective action when shortcomings are found. Communications on lessons learned are to be fed back into the planning process. The expectation is that new objectives and action plans will be written in relation to what has been experienced. 

Objectives and action plans are poorly prepared and communicated. 

Work on the introduction of EMS was pursued at the nurseries during 1997. Certification according to ISO 14001 is expected to be obtained in the first haif of 1998. Environmental policies, objectives, and action programs were prepared for the units environmental work Minimizing the consumption of input materials m production, source separation of waste, and reducing the transport volume by means of more efficient packagirtg technology are examples of environmental objectives at the nurseries. 

---