Reliability Test Methods

A reactive waste is one that readily explodes or undergoes violent reactions. Common examples are discarded munitions or explosives. In many cases, there is no reliable test method to evaluate a... 

Rockstroh, J., Jann, O., Wilke, O. and Horn, W. (2005) Development of a reliable test method for laser printers, copiers and multifunctional devices in emission test chambers. Gefahrstoffe-Reinhaltung der Lufi, 65, 71-80. 

Other reliable testing methods include scintigraphic evaluations in humans and animals [42-44],... 

The availability of reliable test methods for contaminated sediments is relatively recent and the test method development process continues. A variety of issues remain to be solved before these types of studies will be considered as effective as those with planktonic species. Among the more important of these issues are validation of the single-species test results and determination of variations in species sensitivity. 

Since the liquid level detection settings are critical to the proper aspiration of samples, this should be tested extensively. It is important to create a reliable testing method with the volumes, liquid types, and sample tubes that will be used in the actual protocol. It may also be necessary to perform this testing with mock sample labels since thick labels can affect the position of the sample tubes. This experiment should... 

At present, reliable test methods for the effects of chemicals on whole ecosystems (iii above) are not yet established when compared to i) and ii) above, which are the test methods using single species and adopted in existing OECD guidelines [12]. The in vitro toxicity test methods (iv above) have been developed as an alternative toxicity test method using bacteria or cultured cells instead of biota because of animal welfare, convenience and cost saving. 

Warp/weft ratio 10 silane-sized yarns. No reliable test method. 

The change of materials and solders to accommodate the elimination of Pb necessitates reliability testing of the Pb-free assemblies to ensure that reliability is comparable to that of Sn-Pb assemblies. Reliability test methods, parameters, and models will have to be refined to match material properties of Pb-free assemblies. 

No reliable test methods for measuring the surface gloss of film laminates have, so far, been established. As such, the assessment of surface film gloss is best carried out visually. Evident graying is an indication of tiny air bubbles between board and film. These may be caused by inadequate application of adhesives, insufficient drying, or coalescence of the adhesive during lamination. Optical microscopy has also proven useful in confirming defect types in laminates. 

If we want to develop a true science of portland cement and concrete we must rely on reliable test methods. This Is what this book does.. ..A must In any laboratory Involved In portland cement and concrete characterization. -Pierre-Claude Aitcin, Professor Emeritus Universite de Sherbrooke, Canada... 

Thus, for years now wheels have been tested with eddy-currents with a special emphasis on finding superficial defects on the wheel s running surface. At the beginning, hand-guided probes were used which the tester slid across the surface that was to be tested. To do so, the wheel was placed on a turn table which the operator had to move manually. A higher test reliability in the transitional radius between the body and the bead wheel was achieved by using special form-fitted probes. Nonetheless, it was not possible to rule out completely that the wheel was not scanned 100 %. This test method did not allow for documentation and a subsequent reconstruction of the test. 

The use of tracers enables efficient and reliable measurements of oil, gas and water flow in industrial process units and pipe line systems under production conditions thus fundamentally being non-destructive testing methods. Typical problems which can be efficiently assessed by tracer studies include ... 

Qualitative analysis methods should have well-grounded and generally adopted quantitative reliability estimations. At first the problem was formulated by N.P. Komar in 1955. Its actuality increased when test methods and identification software systems (ISS) entered the market. Metrological aspects evolution for qualitative analysis is possible only within the scope of the uncertainty theory. To estimate the result reliability while detecting a substance X it is necessary to calculate both constituents of uncertainty the probability of misidentifications and the probability of unrevealing for an actual X. There are two mutual complementary approaches to evaluate uncertainties in qualitative analysis, just as in quantitative analysis ... 

Test method of analysis has wide applieation in the praetiee of analytieal ehemistry and requires unified reliable approaeh to the evaluation of sueh metrologieal eharaeteristies as limit of deteetion (LDC) and limit of determination (LDM). 

Some investigations have been inspired by another special circumstance concerning the structure of the fundamental heteroaromatic rings like the parent aromatic homocyclic hydrocarbons, these structures are readily amenable to theoretical treatment by the approximation methods of quantum mechanics. Quantitative studies are clearly desirable in this connection for a reliable test of the theory and, indeed, they have been utilized to this end. ... 

The relative error is the absolute error divided by the true value it is usually expressed in terms of percentage or in parts per thousand. The true or absolute value of a quantity cannot be established experimentally, so that the observed result must be compared with the most probable value. With pure substances the quantity will ultimately depend upon the relative atomic mass of the constituent elements. Determinations of the relative atomic mass have been made with the utmost care, and the accuracy obtained usually far exceeds that attained in ordinary quantitative analysis the analyst must accordingly accept their reliability. With natural or industrial products, we must accept provisionally the results obtained by analysts of repute using carefully tested methods. If several analysts determine the same constituent in the same sample by different methods, the most probable value, which is usually the average, can be deduced from their results. In both cases, the establishment of the most probable value involves the application of statistical methods and the concept of precision. 

A statement of each method used in the testing of the sample. The statement shall indicate the location of data that establish that the methods used in the testing of the sample meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability as applied to the product tested. (If the method employed is in the current revision of the United States Pharmacopeia, National Formulary, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Book of Methods, or in other recognized standard references, or is detailed in an approved new drug application and the referenced method is not modified, a statement indicating the method and reference will suffice). The suitability of all testing methods used shall be verified under actual conditions of use. 

The recommended experimental evaluation is condensed in a number of flow charts following in which, in general, the most reliable and internationally recognized standard test methods are used [10, 12-22]. Details of the strategic testing scheme are covered in the following section. 

Reliability, the inherent scientific quality of a study relating to the test method, performance of the study and the reporting (Table 14) ... 

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